Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM
7
Issued Date
2025-01-01
Resource Type
ISSN
14733099
eISSN
14744457
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105001221701
Pubmed ID
39956121
Journal Title
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2025)
Suggested Citation
Cornely O.A., Sprute R., Bassetti M., Chen S.C.A., Groll A.H., Kurzai O., Lass-Flörl C., Ostrosky-Zeichner L., Rautemaa-Richardson R., Revathi G., Santolaya M.E., White P.L., Alastruey-Izquierdo A., Arendrup M.C., Baddley J., Barac A., Ben-Ami R., Brink A.J., Grothe J.H., Guinea J., Hagen F., Hochhegger B., Hoenigl M., Husain S., Jabeen K., Jensen H.E., Kanj S.S., Koehler P., Lehrnbecher T., Lewis R.E., Meis J.F., Nguyen M.H., Pana Z.D., Rath P.M., Reinhold I., Seidel D., Takazono T., Vinh D.C., Zhang S.X., Afeltra J., Al-Hatmi A.M.S., Arastehfar A., Arikan-Akdagli S., Bongomin F., Carlesse F., Chayakulkeeree M., Chai L.Y.A., Chamani-Tabriz L., Chiller T., Chowdhary A., Clancy C.J., Colombo A.L., Cortegiani A., Corzo Leon D.E., Drgona L., Dudakova A., Farooqi J., Gago S., Ilkit M., Jenks J.D., Klimko N., Krause R., Kumar A., Lagrou K., Lionakis M.S., Lmimouni B.E., Mansour M.K., Meletiadis J., Mellinghoff S.C., Mer M., Mikulska M., Montravers P., Neoh C.F., Ozenci V., Pagano L., Pappas P., Patterson T.F., Puerta-Alcalde P., Rahimli L., Rahn S., Roilides E., Rotstein C., Ruegamer T., Sabino R., Salmanton-García J., Schwartz I.S., Segal E., Sidharthan N., Singhal T., Sinko J., Soman R., Spec A., Steinmann J., Stemler J., Taj-Aldeen S.J., Talento A.F., Thompson G.R., Toebben C., Villanueva-Lozano H., Wahyuningsih R. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM. The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2025). doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00749-7 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/109339
Title
Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM
Author(s)
Cornely O.A.
Sprute R.
Bassetti M.
Chen S.C.A.
Groll A.H.
Kurzai O.
Lass-Flörl C.
Ostrosky-Zeichner L.
Rautemaa-Richardson R.
Revathi G.
Santolaya M.E.
White P.L.
Alastruey-Izquierdo A.
Arendrup M.C.
Baddley J.
Barac A.
Ben-Ami R.
Brink A.J.
Grothe J.H.
Guinea J.
Hagen F.
Hochhegger B.
Hoenigl M.
Husain S.
Jabeen K.
Jensen H.E.
Kanj S.S.
Koehler P.
Lehrnbecher T.
Lewis R.E.
Meis J.F.
Nguyen M.H.
Pana Z.D.
Rath P.M.
Reinhold I.
Seidel D.
Takazono T.
Vinh D.C.
Zhang S.X.
Afeltra J.
Al-Hatmi A.M.S.
Arastehfar A.
Arikan-Akdagli S.
Bongomin F.
Carlesse F.
Chayakulkeeree M.
Chai L.Y.A.
Chamani-Tabriz L.
Chiller T.
Chowdhary A.
Clancy C.J.
Colombo A.L.
Cortegiani A.
Corzo Leon D.E.
Drgona L.
Dudakova A.
Farooqi J.
Gago S.
Ilkit M.
Jenks J.D.
Klimko N.
Krause R.
Kumar A.
Lagrou K.
Lionakis M.S.
Lmimouni B.E.
Mansour M.K.
Meletiadis J.
Mellinghoff S.C.
Mer M.
Mikulska M.
Montravers P.
Neoh C.F.
Ozenci V.
Pagano L.
Pappas P.
Patterson T.F.
Puerta-Alcalde P.
Rahimli L.
Rahn S.
Roilides E.
Rotstein C.
Ruegamer T.
Sabino R.
Salmanton-García J.
Schwartz I.S.
Segal E.
Sidharthan N.
Singhal T.
Sinko J.
Soman R.
Spec A.
Steinmann J.
Stemler J.
Taj-Aldeen S.J.
Talento A.F.
Thompson G.R.
Toebben C.
Villanueva-Lozano H.
Wahyuningsih R.
Sprute R.
Bassetti M.
Chen S.C.A.
Groll A.H.
Kurzai O.
Lass-Flörl C.
Ostrosky-Zeichner L.
Rautemaa-Richardson R.
Revathi G.
Santolaya M.E.
White P.L.
Alastruey-Izquierdo A.
Arendrup M.C.
Baddley J.
Barac A.
Ben-Ami R.
Brink A.J.
Grothe J.H.
Guinea J.
Hagen F.
Hochhegger B.
Hoenigl M.
Husain S.
Jabeen K.
Jensen H.E.
Kanj S.S.
Koehler P.
Lehrnbecher T.
Lewis R.E.
Meis J.F.
Nguyen M.H.
Pana Z.D.
Rath P.M.
Reinhold I.
Seidel D.
Takazono T.
Vinh D.C.
Zhang S.X.
Afeltra J.
Al-Hatmi A.M.S.
Arastehfar A.
Arikan-Akdagli S.
Bongomin F.
Carlesse F.
Chayakulkeeree M.
Chai L.Y.A.
Chamani-Tabriz L.
Chiller T.
Chowdhary A.
Clancy C.J.
Colombo A.L.
Cortegiani A.
Corzo Leon D.E.
Drgona L.
Dudakova A.
Farooqi J.
Gago S.
Ilkit M.
Jenks J.D.
Klimko N.
Krause R.
Kumar A.
Lagrou K.
Lionakis M.S.
Lmimouni B.E.
Mansour M.K.
Meletiadis J.
Mellinghoff S.C.
Mer M.
Mikulska M.
Montravers P.
Neoh C.F.
Ozenci V.
Pagano L.
Pappas P.
Patterson T.F.
Puerta-Alcalde P.
Rahimli L.
Rahn S.
Roilides E.
Rotstein C.
Ruegamer T.
Sabino R.
Salmanton-García J.
Schwartz I.S.
Segal E.
Sidharthan N.
Singhal T.
Sinko J.
Soman R.
Spec A.
Steinmann J.
Stemler J.
Taj-Aldeen S.J.
Talento A.F.
Thompson G.R.
Toebben C.
Villanueva-Lozano H.
Wahyuningsih R.
Author's Affiliation
The Aga Khan University Kenya
Clemenceau Medical Center Hospital
Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki
Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas
Faculty of Health Sciences
Amrita School of Medicine
Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone
Medizinische Fakultät
Medizinischen Fakultät
Medizinische Fakultät
Siriraj Hospital
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health
University of Nicosia Medical School
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
Université Paris Cité
Departement Microbiologie, Immunologie en Transplantatie
Gulu University
Duke University Medical Center
BioTechMed-Graz
Health Innovation Manchester
L'Institut de Recherche du Centre Universitaire de Santé McGill
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
Universidad Camilo José Cela
IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital
National University Health System
University of Nizwa
Universitas Kristen Indonesia
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS
Hamad Medical Corporation
Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie e. V. – Hans-Knöll-Institut
University of Babylon
Klinicki Centar Srbije
American University of Beirut
Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute
The Aga Khan University
Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
Peter Maccallum Cancer Centre
University Medical Center Utrecht
KU Leuven– University Hospital Leuven
Københavns Universitet
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona
Massachusetts General Hospital
UAB Division of Infectious Disease
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics - Amsterdam
University of Melbourne
University of Exeter
Centro Nacional de Microbiologia
Statens Serum Institut
Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa
Università degli Studi di Genova
Universität zu Köln
Cardiff University
Hôpital Bichat-Claude-Bernard AP-HP
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Nagasaki University Hospital
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
McGovern Medical School
Hacettepe Üniversitesi
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
Military Hospital Mohammed V
Università degli Studi di Palermo
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa
University of Pittsburgh
Attikon University Hospital
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
University Health Network
Universidad de Chile
Karolinska Institutet
Trinity College Dublin
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
Faculty of Medicine and Health
Uniklinik Köln
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences India
Universitätsklinikum Essen
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
University of Florida College of Medicine
Klinikum Nürnberg
Rigshospitalet
Centre Universitaire de Santé McGill
Universitätsklinikum Münster
Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital
Medizinische Universität Graz
Comenius University Medical School
Tel Aviv University
Duke University School of Medicine
Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street
Westmead Hospital
Groote Schuur Hospital
UC Davis Medical Center
Harvard Medical School
Radboud University Medical Center
Çukurova Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi
Universitat de Barcelona
Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado - ISSSTE
Universidad de Buenos Aires
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute - KNAW
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Università degli Studi di Padova
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
University Hospital of Wales
National Institute of Hematology and Infectology
Antimicrobial Resistance Institute of São Paulo (ARIES)
Jupiter Hospital
Partner Site Bonn-Cologne
Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute
Durham County Department of Public Health
Clemenceau Medical Center Hospital
Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki
Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas
Faculty of Health Sciences
Amrita School of Medicine
Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone
Medizinische Fakultät
Medizinischen Fakultät
Medizinische Fakultät
Siriraj Hospital
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health
University of Nicosia Medical School
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
Université Paris Cité
Departement Microbiologie, Immunologie en Transplantatie
Gulu University
Duke University Medical Center
BioTechMed-Graz
Health Innovation Manchester
L'Institut de Recherche du Centre Universitaire de Santé McGill
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
Universidad Camilo José Cela
IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital
National University Health System
University of Nizwa
Universitas Kristen Indonesia
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS
Hamad Medical Corporation
Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie e. V. – Hans-Knöll-Institut
University of Babylon
Klinicki Centar Srbije
American University of Beirut
Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute
The Aga Khan University
Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
Peter Maccallum Cancer Centre
University Medical Center Utrecht
KU Leuven– University Hospital Leuven
Københavns Universitet
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona
Massachusetts General Hospital
UAB Division of Infectious Disease
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics - Amsterdam
University of Melbourne
University of Exeter
Centro Nacional de Microbiologia
Statens Serum Institut
Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa
Università degli Studi di Genova
Universität zu Köln
Cardiff University
Hôpital Bichat-Claude-Bernard AP-HP
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Nagasaki University Hospital
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
McGovern Medical School
Hacettepe Üniversitesi
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
Military Hospital Mohammed V
Università degli Studi di Palermo
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa
University of Pittsburgh
Attikon University Hospital
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
University Health Network
Universidad de Chile
Karolinska Institutet
Trinity College Dublin
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
Faculty of Medicine and Health
Uniklinik Köln
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences India
Universitätsklinikum Essen
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
University of Florida College of Medicine
Klinikum Nürnberg
Rigshospitalet
Centre Universitaire de Santé McGill
Universitätsklinikum Münster
Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital
Medizinische Universität Graz
Comenius University Medical School
Tel Aviv University
Duke University School of Medicine
Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street
Westmead Hospital
Groote Schuur Hospital
UC Davis Medical Center
Harvard Medical School
Radboud University Medical Center
Çukurova Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi
Universitat de Barcelona
Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado - ISSSTE
Universidad de Buenos Aires
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute - KNAW
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Università degli Studi di Padova
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
University Hospital of Wales
National Institute of Hematology and Infectology
Antimicrobial Resistance Institute of São Paulo (ARIES)
Jupiter Hospital
Partner Site Bonn-Cologne
Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute
Durham County Department of Public Health
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Candida species are the predominant cause of fungal infections in patients treated in hospital, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Candidaemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis primarily affect patients who are immunocompromised or critically ill. In contrast, mucocutaneous forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush and vulvovaginal candidiasis, can occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Although mucocutaneous candidiasis is generally not life-threatening, it can cause considerable discomfort, recurrent infections, and complications, particularly in patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes or in those taking immunosuppressive therapies. The rise of difficult-to-treat Candida infections is driven by new host factors and antifungal resistance. Pathogens, such as Candida auris (Candidozyma auris) and fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis, pose serious global health risks. Recent taxonomic revisions have reclassified several Candida spp, potentially causing confusion in clinical practice. Current management guidelines are limited in scope, with poor coverage of emerging pathogens and new treatment options. In this Review, we provide updated recommendations for managing Candida infections, with detailed evidence summaries available in the appendix.