Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to suboptimal diet, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study
Issued Date
2026-04-01
Resource Type
ISSN
10788956
eISSN
1546170X
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105036476668
Pubmed ID
41912805
Journal Title
Nature Medicine
Volume
32
Issue
4
Start Page
1454
End Page
1478
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Nature Medicine Vol.32 No.4 (2026) , 1454-1478
Suggested Citation
Yon D.K., Kim M.S., Mokdad A.H., Zyoud S.H., Zou Z., Zoghi G., Zielińska M., Zhumagaliuly A., Zhu B., Zhou X.D., Zhou S., Zhong C.C., Zhong A., Zhao H., Zhang Z., Zhang Y., Zhang L., P Zhang C.J., Zebari S.M.M.S., M Zeariya M.G., Zawiah M., Zanghì A., Yu C., Youssef M.Y., Yonemoto N., Yin D., Yesuf S.A., Ye P., Yasufuku Y., Yaribeygi H., Yano Y., Yamagishi K., Yahya G., Xu X., Xu S., Xie W., Wubie Y.M., Wu Z., Wu F., Wonde T.E., Wojewodzic M.W., Willeit P., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wickramasinghe D.P., Wicaksana A.L., Werdecker A., Wassie T.H., Waqar A.B., Wanjau M.N., Wang Y., Wang X., Wang X., Waheed Y., Vujcic I.S., Vu L.T., Vinayak M., Vervoort D., Verras G.I., Verma M., Vasankari T.J., Varthya S.B., Varghese J., den Eynde J.V., Vaithinathan A.G., Usman J.S., Uppal D., Upadhyay E., Upadhya D., Umair M., Udoakang A.J., Tyrovolas S., Tumurkhuu M., Tualeka A.R., Truyen T.T.T.T., Trico D., Minh Duc N.T., Tran T.H., Huong Tran Q.T., Tran N.M., Trabelsi K., Tovani-Palone M.R., Touvier M., Tonelli M., Tomo S., Tiwari K., Vera Ticoalu J.H., Thayakaran R., Thapar R., Thapa R., Thankappan K.R., Thangavelu L., Thangaraju P., Thakur R., Teramoto M., Temsah M.H., Tat N.Y., Tang H., Tamuzi J.L., Tampa M., Talaat I.M. Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to suboptimal diet, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study. Nature Medicine Vol.32 No.4 (2026) , 1454-1478. 1478. doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04250-8 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/116482
Title
Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to suboptimal diet, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study
Author(s)
Yon D.K.
Kim M.S.
Mokdad A.H.
Zyoud S.H.
Zou Z.
Zoghi G.
Zielińska M.
Zhumagaliuly A.
Zhu B.
Zhou X.D.
Zhou S.
Zhong C.C.
Zhong A.
Zhao H.
Zhang Z.
Zhang Y.
Zhang L.
P Zhang C.J.
Zebari S.M.M.S.
M Zeariya M.G.
Zawiah M.
Zanghì A.
Yu C.
Youssef M.Y.
Yonemoto N.
Yin D.
Yesuf S.A.
Ye P.
Yasufuku Y.
Yaribeygi H.
Yano Y.
Yamagishi K.
Yahya G.
Xu X.
Xu S.
Xie W.
Wubie Y.M.
Wu Z.
Wu F.
Wonde T.E.
Wojewodzic M.W.
Willeit P.
Wickramasinghe N.D.
Wickramasinghe D.P.
Wicaksana A.L.
Werdecker A.
Wassie T.H.
Waqar A.B.
Wanjau M.N.
Wang Y.
Wang X.
Wang X.
Waheed Y.
Vujcic I.S.
Vu L.T.
Vinayak M.
Vervoort D.
Verras G.I.
Verma M.
Vasankari T.J.
Varthya S.B.
Varghese J.
den Eynde J.V.
Vaithinathan A.G.
Usman J.S.
Uppal D.
Upadhyay E.
Upadhya D.
Umair M.
Udoakang A.J.
Tyrovolas S.
Tumurkhuu M.
Tualeka A.R.
Truyen T.T.T.T.
Trico D.
Minh Duc N.T.
Tran T.H.
Huong Tran Q.T.
Tran N.M.
Trabelsi K.
Tovani-Palone M.R.
Touvier M.
Tonelli M.
Tomo S.
Tiwari K.
Vera Ticoalu J.H.
Thayakaran R.
Thapar R.
Thapa R.
Thankappan K.R.
Thangavelu L.
Thangaraju P.
Thakur R.
Teramoto M.
Temsah M.H.
Tat N.Y.
Tang H.
Tamuzi J.L.
Tampa M.
Talaat I.M.
Kim M.S.
Mokdad A.H.
Zyoud S.H.
Zou Z.
Zoghi G.
Zielińska M.
Zhumagaliuly A.
Zhu B.
Zhou X.D.
Zhou S.
Zhong C.C.
Zhong A.
Zhao H.
Zhang Z.
Zhang Y.
Zhang L.
P Zhang C.J.
Zebari S.M.M.S.
M Zeariya M.G.
Zawiah M.
Zanghì A.
Yu C.
Youssef M.Y.
Yonemoto N.
Yin D.
Yesuf S.A.
Ye P.
Yasufuku Y.
Yaribeygi H.
Yano Y.
Yamagishi K.
Yahya G.
Xu X.
Xu S.
Xie W.
Wubie Y.M.
Wu Z.
Wu F.
Wonde T.E.
Wojewodzic M.W.
Willeit P.
Wickramasinghe N.D.
Wickramasinghe D.P.
Wicaksana A.L.
Werdecker A.
Wassie T.H.
Waqar A.B.
Wanjau M.N.
Wang Y.
Wang X.
Wang X.
Waheed Y.
Vujcic I.S.
Vu L.T.
Vinayak M.
Vervoort D.
Verras G.I.
Verma M.
Vasankari T.J.
Varthya S.B.
Varghese J.
den Eynde J.V.
Vaithinathan A.G.
Usman J.S.
Uppal D.
Upadhyay E.
Upadhya D.
Umair M.
Udoakang A.J.
Tyrovolas S.
Tumurkhuu M.
Tualeka A.R.
Truyen T.T.T.T.
Trico D.
Minh Duc N.T.
Tran T.H.
Huong Tran Q.T.
Tran N.M.
Trabelsi K.
Tovani-Palone M.R.
Touvier M.
Tonelli M.
Tomo S.
Tiwari K.
Vera Ticoalu J.H.
Thayakaran R.
Thapar R.
Thapa R.
Thankappan K.R.
Thangavelu L.
Thangaraju P.
Thakur R.
Teramoto M.
Temsah M.H.
Tat N.Y.
Tang H.
Tamuzi J.L.
Tampa M.
Talaat I.M.
Author's Affiliation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Harvard Medical School
Inserm
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Monash University
Johns Hopkins University
UNSW Sydney
King's College London
The University of Osaka
University of Science and Technology of China
Mayo Clinic
Wuhan University
University of Birmingham
University of Southampton
Dalian University of Technology
Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
King Saud University
University of Washington School of Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Università di Pisa
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
University of Tsukuba
University of Technology Sydney
Griffith University
Università degli Studi di Catania
Tampere University
Kyung Hee University
Stellenbosch University
Northwest A&F University
Wake Forest University School of Medicine
George Mason University
Southern University of Science and Technology
Alexandria University
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Anhui Medical University
Tianjin Medical University
Peking University Health Science Center
Medical University of Warsaw
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Cumming School of Medicine
Wuhan University of Science and Technology
Wenzhou Medical University
University of Toyama
Zagazig University
Al-Azhar University
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
The University of Jordan
Hebei University
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
National University of Sciences and Technology
University Sorbonne Paris Nord
Broad Institute
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila din Bucuresti
University of Sharjah
Xuzhou Medical University
Peking University First Hospital
The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
Juntendo University
University of Nairobi
Juntendo University School of Medicine
Jazan University
Folkehelseinstituttet
Belgrade University School of Medicine
Saveetha Dental College And Hospitals
Kansai Medical University
University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine
University of Lahore
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
University of Ha'il
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
George Institute for Global Health
University of Colombo
Bahir Dar University
Northern Border University
University of Management and Technology Lahore
University of Bahrain
North Shore University Hospital
An-Najah National University
University of Edinburgh, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Bayero University
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences India
Széchenyi István University
Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Departement Cardiovasculaire Wetenschappen
College of Medicine Alfaisal University
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at HCMC
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
Cancer Registry of Norway
College of Agriculture & Natural Resources
Department of Public Health and Primary Care
Amity University Rajasthan
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Universitas Sam Ratulangi
Victor Babes National Institute
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University
St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College
Cihan University-Erbil
CSIC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB)
UKK Institute Finland
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda
University of Medical Sciences
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l'Education Physique de Sfax
Federal Institute for Population Research
Nam Can Tho University
St. Peter Specialized Hospital
Enventure.
Northlands Medical Group
Children’s Hospital 1
Taking Our Best Shot
Tan Tao University
ALS Vietnam
University of Development
Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Inserm
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Monash University
Johns Hopkins University
UNSW Sydney
King's College London
The University of Osaka
University of Science and Technology of China
Mayo Clinic
Wuhan University
University of Birmingham
University of Southampton
Dalian University of Technology
Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
King Saud University
University of Washington School of Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Università di Pisa
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
University of Tsukuba
University of Technology Sydney
Griffith University
Università degli Studi di Catania
Tampere University
Kyung Hee University
Stellenbosch University
Northwest A&F University
Wake Forest University School of Medicine
George Mason University
Southern University of Science and Technology
Alexandria University
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Anhui Medical University
Tianjin Medical University
Peking University Health Science Center
Medical University of Warsaw
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Cumming School of Medicine
Wuhan University of Science and Technology
Wenzhou Medical University
University of Toyama
Zagazig University
Al-Azhar University
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
The University of Jordan
Hebei University
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
National University of Sciences and Technology
University Sorbonne Paris Nord
Broad Institute
Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila din Bucuresti
University of Sharjah
Xuzhou Medical University
Peking University First Hospital
The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
Juntendo University
University of Nairobi
Juntendo University School of Medicine
Jazan University
Folkehelseinstituttet
Belgrade University School of Medicine
Saveetha Dental College And Hospitals
Kansai Medical University
University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine
University of Lahore
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
University of Ha'il
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
George Institute for Global Health
University of Colombo
Bahir Dar University
Northern Border University
University of Management and Technology Lahore
University of Bahrain
North Shore University Hospital
An-Najah National University
University of Edinburgh, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Bayero University
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences India
Széchenyi István University
Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Departement Cardiovasculaire Wetenschappen
College of Medicine Alfaisal University
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at HCMC
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
Cancer Registry of Norway
College of Agriculture & Natural Resources
Department of Public Health and Primary Care
Amity University Rajasthan
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Universitas Sam Ratulangi
Victor Babes National Institute
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University
St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College
Cihan University-Erbil
CSIC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB)
UKK Institute Finland
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda
University of Medical Sciences
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l'Education Physique de Sfax
Federal Institute for Population Research
Nam Can Tho University
St. Peter Specialized Hospital
Enventure.
Northlands Medical Group
Children’s Hospital 1
Taking Our Best Shot
Tan Tao University
ALS Vietnam
University of Development
Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with dietary risks being its most significant modifiable factor. Here, using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2023, we estimated the mortality and disability-adjusted life years from diet-related IHD across 204 countries. In 2023, a suboptimal diet was responsible for 4.06 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.74–6.22) IHD deaths and 96.84 million (18.82–142.52) IHD disability-adjusted life years. The global age-standardized death rate of IHD attributable to suboptimal diet decreased by 43.92% (95% UI 34.44–53.23) per 100,000 population from 1990 to 2023. Among dietary factors, low intake of nuts and seeds (9.87, 95% UI 2.84–17.12 deaths per 100,000 population), low whole grains (9.22, 4.73–13.67), low fruits (7.25, 1.54–13.34) and high sodium (7.15, 0.92–17.97) were primary contributors to IHD deaths. The burden was particularly pronounced in low- and middle-sociodemographic index countries. By disentangling dietary risk factors, we identified the portion of IHD burden directly modifiable through food interventions.