Sustainable innovative technologies for a circular economy: Artificial photosynthesis, photobiorefineries, bioplastics, waste-to-wealth, and thermoelectric generators

Abstract

This review comprehensively examines emerging sustainable technologies that collectively advance the circular economy by enhancing resource efficiency across energy and material lifecycles. It highlights five key areas: artificial photosynthesis (AP), photobiorefineries, bioplastics, waste-to-wealth strategies, and thermoelectric generators (TEGs). AP and photobiorefineries provide innovative methods for harnessing solar energy to produce carbon-neutral fuels and valuable biochemicals, reducing reliance on fossil resources. In materials, renewable polymers derived from bio-based feedstocks and advances in bioplastics offer biodegradable, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional plastics, minimizing waste and supporting sustainable manufacturing. Waste-to-wealth technologies transform organic residues into valuable materials and energy, improving waste management and contributing to circular value chains. TEGs enable efficient recovery of waste heat, enhancing overall energy efficiency in industrial and residential applications. Together, these technologies form an integrated, scalable framework addressing environmental challenges while promoting circularity, sustainability, and tangible impacts across diverse sectors.