How Are Global Diet Quality Scores at 9 Years Associated With Cardiometabolic Disease Risk in Early Adolescence in Mysore, India?

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) at age 9.5 years and associated risk of cardiometabolic outcomes at 13.5 years in a birth cohort in Mysore, India. Background: Assessing relationships between diet quality and cardiometabolic outcomes among children is important to inform the targeting and development of interventions to prevent cardiometabolic diseases. At present, this evidence is lacking, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Using data from the Mysore Parthenon Birth Cohort Study when children were 9.5 years of age, GDQS was computed from a 136-item food-frequency questionnaire. Children were categorized as being at low, moderate, or high risk of poor diet quality outcomes based on the GDQS value. At 13.5 years, cardiometabolic risk factor data were collected. Data were analyzed using linear and logistic regression models adjusted for covariates. Results: Data were available at both time points for 538 children. At 9.5 years, the majority of children (72%) were at moderate risk of poor diet quality outcomes, with 25% and 3% being at low and high risk, respectively. Higher total GDQSs at 9.5 years of age were associated with lower fasting plasma glucose, insulin concentrations, and insulin resistance at 13.5 years of age. There were no associations between GDQS and anthropometric measures, lipids, or blood pressure. Conclusion: The association between diet quality among children in this cohort and some elements of cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence adds to the case for early interventions to address risk of poor diet quality. Understanding context-specific barriers to a high-quality diet in different settings and developing solutions with communities to overcome these barriers should be a priority for researchers and policymakers.