Invisible Walls: A Concept Analysis of Social Isolation in Family Caregivers

Abstract

Background: Social isolation is a state of disconnection from social relationships and networks. Clarifying social isolation in family caregivers is important to develop interventions. Purpose: This analysis aimed to define the concept of social isolation in family caregivers and to determine its conceptual attributes, antecedents, and consequences. Methods: A concept analysis using Walker and Avant’s (2019) method was undertaken. Databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were systematically searched from 1979 to 2025. A total of 53 studies published in English were included. Results: Five attributes of social isolation were identified as lack of social contact; reduced social engagement; limited social support; deficiency in stable and fulfilling relationships; and loneliness. The antecedents included caregiving responsibility and obligation; health conditions and dependency of the care recipient; compromised physical and psychological health of caregivers; and contextual constraints on caregiving. The consequences included increased caregiving burden, increased physical and psychological distress, decreased life satisfaction, and decreased capability to provide care. Conclusion: A conceptual model of social isolation in family caregivers was developed. The attributes, antecedents, and consequences of social isolation in family caregivers identified in this study contribute to a better understanding and provide a theoretical basis for future assessment tools and interventions for social isolation among family caregivers.