Depression and generalised anxiety and associated factors among adults in Bhutan: Results of national cross-sectional survey in 2019

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in people 15 years in Bhutan in 2019. Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 5575 people (15–69 years) who participated in the 2019 Bhutan STEPS survey. The proportion of mild MDD was 12.3% and moderate to severe MDD 2.0%, and the prevalence of mild GAD was 7.4% and moderate to severe GAD 1.7%. In adjusted ordinal logistic regression analysis, alcohol family problem (Adjusted Odds Ratio-AOR: 2.23, 95% Confidence Interval-CI: 1.35–3.68), suicidal behaviour (AOR: 7.69, 95% CI: 3.69–6.01), passive smoking (AOR: 7.69, 95% CI: 3.69–6.01), heart attack, angina or stroke (AOR: 3.32, 95% CI: 2.13–5.79), and current tobacco use (AOR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.38–2.19) were positively, and middle-aged (30–44 years) (AOR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60–1.00) and male sex (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.38–0.58) were negatively associated with mild and moderate-severe MDD. Medium wealth status (AOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.82), alcohol family problem (AOR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.29–4.31), suicidal behaviour (AOR: 6.11, 95% CI: 2.75–13.59), and heart attack, angina or stroke (AOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.61–6.29), were positively, and male sex (AOR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.44–0.758) was negatively associated with mild and moderate-severe GAD. A low prevalence of mood disorders was found. Factors associated with MDD and/or GAD included sociodemographic factors (female sex, middle wealth status), psychosocial and environmental stressors (alcohol family problem, suicidal behaviour, passive smoking, heart attack, angina or stroke), and health risk behaviour (current tobacco use), which can be targeted in public health interventions.