Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control
1
Issued Date
2025-03-01
Resource Type
eISSN
19994915
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105001326969
Journal Title
Viruses
Volume
17
Issue
3
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Viruses Vol.17 No.3 (2025)
Suggested Citation
Branda F., Yon D.K., Albanese M., Binetti E., Giovanetti M., Ciccozzi A., Ciccozzi M., Scarpa F., Ceccarelli G. Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control. Viruses Vol.17 No.3 (2025). doi:10.3390/v17030302 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/109387
Title
Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control
Author's Affiliation
Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina
KyungHee University College of Medicine
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Kyung Hee Medical Center
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok
Università degli Studi di Sassari
Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma
Kyung Hee University
Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Umberto I
Migrant and Global Health Research Organization—Mi-Hero
Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE)—CLIMADE Americas
KyungHee University College of Medicine
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Kyung Hee Medical Center
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok
Università degli Studi di Sassari
Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma
Kyung Hee University
Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Umberto I
Migrant and Global Health Research Organization—Mi-Hero
Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE)—CLIMADE Americas
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), posing a significant threat to equine populations worldwide. EIV exhibits considerable antigenic variability due to its segmented genome, complicating long-term disease control efforts. Although infections are rarely fatal, EIV’s high transmissibility results in widespread outbreaks, leading to substantial morbidity and considerable economic impacts on veterinary care, quarantine, and equestrian activities. The H3N8 subtype has undergone significant antigenic evolution, resulting in the emergence of distinct lineages, including Eurasian and American, with the Florida sublineage being particularly prevalent. Continuous genetic surveillance and regular updates to vaccine formulations are necessary to address antigenic drift and maintain vaccination efficacy. Additionally, rare cross-species transmissions have raised concerns regarding the zoonotic potential of EIV. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of EI, emphasizing vaccination strategies and addressing the socio-economic consequences of the disease in regions where the equine industry is vital.