Urinary red blood cell-derived microparticles and phosphatidylserine-exposing red blood cells in glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria patients

Abstract

Background: Distinguishing glomerular hematuria (GH) from non-glomerular hematuria (NGH) is important for treating the cause of hematuria. We aimed to determine red blood cell-derived microparticles (RMPs) and phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposing red blood cells (RBCs) and evaluate their use for diagnosing GH and NGH patients. Methods: All patients received a physical assessment and urological examination. Dysmorphic RBCs (dRBCs) and acanthocytes were examined using a light microscope. The urinary RMPs and PS-exposing RBCs were determined using flow cytometry. Results: The ratio of RMPs to RBCs was higher in GH patients (n = 29) than in NGH patients (n = 29) (1.06 vs. 0.18). The value of the sum of the PS-exposing RBCs plus RMPs divided by the number of RBCs was higher in GH patients than in NGH patients (48.3% vs. 19.4%). The percentage of RBCs was higher in GH patients than in NGH patients (54.5% vs. 21.8%). Similarly, both the percentages of acanthocytes and of non-acanthocytes were higher in GH patients than in NGH patients (29% vs. 7.7% and 25.4% vs. 14.2%, respectively). The ROC-AUC of the number of PS-exposing RBCs plus RMPs divided by the number of RBCs was 0.9 (95% CI, 0.82–0.97), and the RMPs:RBCs ratio was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.79–0.98). The ROC-AUCs of the dRBCs and acanthocytes were 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78–0.95) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.8–0.97), respectively. Conclusions: Patients with GH have higher numbers of urinary RMPs and PS-exposing RBCs. These parameters have the potential to be predictive tools for classifying GH in the future.