Systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of hypernatremia in adult hospitalized patients: impact on mortality, morbidity, and treatment-related side effects

Abstract

Background: Hypernatremia is relatively common in acutely ill patients and associated with mortality. Guidelines recommend a slow rate of correction (≤ 0.5 mmol/L per hour). However, a faster correction rate may be safe and improve outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of sodium correction rates on mortality and hospital length of stay and to assess types of hypernatremia treatment and treatment side effects. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines, searching Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases from inception to August 2024. Studies reporting sodium correction rates and clinical outcomes in hospitalized adults were included. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed mortality and hospital length of stay, with subgroup analyses exploring correction timing and severity. Treatment method and side effects were analyzed qualitatively. Results: We reviewed 4445 articles and included 12 studies. Faster correction rates (> 0.5 mmol/L/h) overall showed no significant change in mortality and a high level of heterogeneity (OR 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.38–1.24, I2 = 95 %). However, subgroup analyses found significantly lower mortality with faster correction of hypernatremia at the time of hospital admission (OR 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.35–0.68, I2 = 2 %), with fast correction within the first 24 h of diagnosis (OR 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.31–0.73, I2 = 65 %), and for severe hypernatremia (OR 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.33–0.92, I2 = 79 %). There was no significant different in hospital length of stay by correction rate. No major neurological complications were reported when the correction rate was < 1 mmol/L/h. Conclusion: Faster sodium correction appears safe and may benefit patients with severe admission-related hypernatremia, particularly within the first 24 h. Further studies are needed to refine correction protocols.