Biomarker-Determined Nonylphenol Exposure and Associated Risks in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia
Issued Date
2022-07-19
Resource Type
ISSN
0013936X
eISSN
15205851
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85134720714
Pubmed ID
35801963
Journal Title
Environmental Science and Technology
Volume
56
Issue
14
Start Page
10229
End Page
10238
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Environmental Science and Technology Vol.56 No.14 (2022) , 10229-10238
Suggested Citation
Ringbeck B., Bury D., Lee I., Lee G., Alakeel R., Alrashed M., Tosepu R., Jayadipraja E.A., Tantrakarnapa K., Kliengchuay W., Brüning T., Choi K., Koch H.M. Biomarker-Determined Nonylphenol Exposure and Associated Risks in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia. Environmental Science and Technology Vol.56 No.14 (2022) , 10229-10238. 10238. doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c01404 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/84180
Title
Biomarker-Determined Nonylphenol Exposure and Associated Risks in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor and environmental contaminant. Yet, data on individual body burdens and potential health risks in humans, especially among children, are scarce. We analyzed two specific urinary NP metabolites, hydroxy-NP (OH-NP) and oxo-NP. In contrast to parent NP, OH-NP has a much higher urinary excretion fraction (Fue), and both are insusceptible to external contamination. We investigated spot urine samples from school children of Thailand (n = 104), Indonesia (n = 89), and Saudi Arabia (n = 108) and could quantify OH-NP in 100% of Indonesian and Saudi children (median concentrations: 8.12 and 8.57 μg/L) and in 76% of Thai children (1.07 μg/L). Median oxo-NP concentrations were 0.95, 1.10, and <0.25 μg/L, respectively, in line with its lower Fue. Median daily NP intakes (DIs), back-calculated from urinary OH-NP concentrations, were significantly higher in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia [0.47 and 0.36 μg/(kg bw·d), respectively] than in Thailand [0.06 μg/(kg bw·d)]. Maximum DIs were close to the preliminary tolerable DI of 5 μg/(kg bw·d) from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Dominant sources of exposure or relevant exposure pathways could not be readily identified by questionnaire analyses and also potentially varied by region. The novel biomarkers provide long-needed support to the quantitative exposure and risk assessment of NP.