Dietary replacement of fish meal with Antarctic krill meal improves growth, immune response, and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei
Issued Date
2026-03-15
Resource Type
eISSN
23525134
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105028041323
Journal Title
Aquaculture Reports
Volume
46
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Aquaculture Reports Vol.46 (2026)
Suggested Citation
Tor.wattanaphol P., Wongkhaluang P., Taengchaiyaphum S., Kaothien-Nakayama P., Nakayama H., Kasamechotchung C., Thitamadee S. Dietary replacement of fish meal with Antarctic krill meal improves growth, immune response, and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports Vol.46 (2026). doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103319 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/114543
Title
Dietary replacement of fish meal with Antarctic krill meal improves growth, immune response, and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Feed formulation plays a critical role in determining the quality, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of aquaculture production. Fish meal (FM), the traditional primary protein source in shrimp feed, has become increasingly expensive due to global supply limitations. Antarctic krill meal (KM), derived from Euphausia superba , represents a nutritionally balanced and potentially sustainable alternative. This study evaluated the effects of replacing FM with KM in the diet of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with graded levels of FM replacement: 0 % (F1), 25 % (F2), 50 % (F3), 75 % (F4), and 100 % (F5), corresponding to KM inclusion rates of 0 %, 6.6 %, 13.1 %, 19.7 %, and 26.3 %, respectively. Shrimp were fed for 30 days, and growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance were evaluated. Shrimp fed F4 and F5 diets showed significantly higher final body weights (13.14 ± 0.6 g, p = 0.03; and 14.00 ± 0.1 g, p < 0.001, respectively) than the control (F1 = 10.82 ± 0.3 g), along with improved feed conversion ratios ( p < 0.01). Immune assays revealed elevated total and granular hemocyte counts, phenoloxidase, and phagocytic activity, particularly in F3–F5 groups. Post-challenge tests indicated that diets with 25–75 % KM replacement delayed mortality following White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection and reduced Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) loads. Among treatments, the F4 diet (75 % FM replacement) demonstrated near-optimal growth, immune enhancement, and pathogen resistance, suggesting it as the most effective and commercially viable formulation. These results confirm that krill meal offers both nutritional and immunological benefits as a fish meal substitute in shrimp aquaculture. While krill meal offers clear nutritional benefits, its long-term sustainability depends on strategic use at functional levels and integration with novel, eco-efficient feed ingredients to reduce environmental impact and support scalable, responsible aquafeed production.