Ecological and Functional Landscape of the Oral Microbiome: A Multi-Site Analysis of Saliva, Dental Plaque and Tongue Coating
Issued Date
2026-01-01
Resource Type
eISSN
20762607
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105028495961
Journal Title
Microorganisms
Volume
14
Issue
1
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Microorganisms Vol.14 No.1 (2026)
Suggested Citation
Tamahara T., Kouketsu A., Fukase S., Sripodok P., Saito T., Ito A., Li B., Kumada K., Shimada M., Iikubo M., Shimizu R., Yamauchi K., Sugiura T. Ecological and Functional Landscape of the Oral Microbiome: A Multi-Site Analysis of Saliva, Dental Plaque and Tongue Coating. Microorganisms Vol.14 No.1 (2026). doi:10.3390/microorganisms14010002 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/114727
Title
Ecological and Functional Landscape of the Oral Microbiome: A Multi-Site Analysis of Saliva, Dental Plaque and Tongue Coating
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Corresponding Author(s)
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Abstract
The oral cavity contains several microbial niches, including saliva, dental plaque and tongue coating, each shaped by distinct local environments and host factors. This study compared the ecological and functional characteristics of the microbiomes of these three oral sites within the same individuals and examined host conditions associated with their variation. Saliva, supragingival plaque and tongue coating samples were collected simultaneously from 31 adults without clinical oral lesions. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and analyses included α and β diversity, Mantel correlations, differential abundance tests, network analysis and functional prediction. The three sites displayed a clear ecological gradient. Saliva and tongue coating were taxonomically similar but were influenced by different host factors, whereas plaque maintained a distinct, biofilm-like structure with limited systemic influence. Functional divergence was most pronounced on the tongue coating despite its taxonomic similarity to saliva, whereas functional differences between saliva and plaque were modest despite larger taxonomic separation. These findings indicate that microbial composition and function vary independently across oral niches and support the need for multi-site sampling to more accurately characterize oral microbial ecology.