Development and PCA Evaluation of Lunar Mortar Compositions from Lunar Simulant and Potato-Based Materials

Abstract

Space activities have taken another step, particularly on the Moon, where the establishment of a human exploration base has garnered interest from many space agencies. One of the challenges lies in constructing shelter and accommodation using locally available resources. This study investigates the lunar mortar compositions using Thailand lunar regolith simulants and potato-based materials, including potato starch and fibers, as potential binding agents. Extensive experiments optimized the mortar formulation by varying the ratios of Thailand lunar simulant (TLS-01), potato starch, and fresh/fermented potato fibers. Compressive strength tests evaluated the effects of fiber reinforcement, TLS-01 percentage, potato starch, and heat treatment. Microstructural analysis via SEM revealed the internal structure and cohesion. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified major influencing variables on compressive strength and their correlations. The LC-FrF-3 sample, with TLS-01 (39.47%), potato fresh fiber (7.9%), and freezing (-10ºC), exhibited maximum 0.65 MPa compressive strength. SEM showed specimens with dense cohesion and reduced voids, such as LC-FrF-3, had better strength. PCA highlighted 'TLS-01', 'Potato starch', 'Heat', and 'Freeze' as the most significant influencing variables. This research demonstrates the potential of lunar regolith simulants and potato-based materials for developing suitable lunar mortar for construction, contributing to in-situ resource utilization for space exploration.