Bacteriogenic metallic and semiconducting nano-system as a potential sustainable solution for one health complexities

Abstract

Considering the complexities of electronics waste management to meet the requirements of digital-age technologies, this article underscores the pressing need for eco-friendly, economical, and sustainable engineering solutions. Here, it uniquely focuses on bacteriogenic metallic and semiconducting nano-systems as a promising yet underexplored solution for sustainable materials innovation. Unlike conventional green nanofabrication methods involving plants or eukaryotic microbes, bacteria possess numerous merits for fabrication, including ease of cultivation, a wide spectrum of genera, abundance, prompt cell division efficacy, genetic elasticity, and high bio-reduction/oxidation efficacy that make them highly adaptable platforms for engineered nanostructures. This article provides a comprehensive and first-of-its-kind framework integrating bacterial synthesis pathways (intercellular and extracellular), bacterial class (Monoderm and Diderm), reaction parameters (pH, temperature, precursor concentration), and molecular precursors (proteins, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, redox mediators). It further highlights emerging applications of bacteriogenic nanomaterials across medicine, energy, environment, and food sectors, enabled by their antipathogenic, catalytic, anticancer, antioxidant, photocatalytic, and biocompatible properties, contributing to the betterment of One Health. Besides, this article emphasizes exploring challenges like cytotoxicity, scalability, and stability, which restrict their transformative aspects. To address these obstacles, systematic studies including in-vitro/in-vivo toxicity, lifecycle, biodistribution and bioaccumulation analyses, and predictive modelling by adopting contemporary technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), complex systems, bioinformatics, and biotechnology to bridge the laboratory-to-market gap are suggested to enrich the suggested class of nano-systems. Overall, this article not only consolidates the state-of-the-art but also presents a novel interdisciplinary vision where bacterial complexity drives next-generation nanoengineering, aligning with the United Nations' sustainability goals.