Barriers to Healthcare Access for Myanmar Migrants in Thailand and Japan during COVID-19

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health systems, affecting migrants who face multiple barriers to healthcare access. This study explores and compares the healthcare access experiences of Myanmar migrants in Thailand and Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews with 20 Myanmar migrants (10 each in Thailand and Japan) and focus group discussions with healthcare professionals in both countries. Data was analyzed thematically using the Health Care Access Barriers (HCAB) model to identify financial, structural, and cognitive barriers. The study revealed multifaceted barriers across financial, structural, cognitive, and cultural dimensions. Financial barriers were particularly pronounced, with migrants in Thailand experiencing significant income loss when seeking medical care. Structural challenges included limited-service accessibility, complicated administrative processes, and geographical constraints. Cognitive barriers manifested through language difficulties, limited health literacy, and fear of discrimination. In Thailand, while the government provided free COVID-19 services to all migrants, challenges persisted in communication and service delivery. Japan presented similar complexities, with migrants facing additional difficulties in system navigation and cultural integration. Enhancing migrant health equity requires systemic interventions that go beyond individual-level health education. Strengthening community outreach, translation services, and migrant-inclusive policies are crucial. Future efforts should foster collaborative partnerships among healthcare facilities, local governments, NGOs, employers, and the Myanmar government or its embassies in Thailand and Japan, ensuring shared responsibility for the health and well-being of migrant populations.