Phytobiotics as Natural Anesthetics: Applications in Aquaculture Handling and Welfare

Abstract

The use of anesthetics in aquaculture is essential for reducing stress and ensuring the welfare of aquatic animals during routine procedures such as handling, transport, tagging, and treatment. With increasing concerns over the safety, cost, and environmental impact of synthetic anesthetics, phytobiotic compounds derived from medicinal plants have emerged as promising natural alternatives. This chapter explores the anesthetic properties of various essential oils and plant-based compounds, their mechanisms of action, species-specific responses, and the advantages they offer in terms of biodegradability, minimal residue, and compatibility with sustainable aquaculture practices. Advances in formulation technologies, including nanoemulsions and lipid-based carriers, have further improved the delivery and efficacy of phytobiotic anesthetics. The chapter also discusses regulatory, ethical, and economic perspectives, highlighting research gaps and priorities for future investigation. Overall, phytobiotics represent a viable and welfare-friendly solution for anesthesia in aquaculture, with growing potential for commercial adoption.