Ecological and Population Dynamics of Black and Grey Francolin (Phasianidae) in Totali Game Reserve, Pakistan
Issued Date
2025-06-01
Resource Type
eISSN
26736004
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105009314940
Journal Title
Birds
Volume
6
Issue
2
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Birds Vol.6 No.2 (2025)
Suggested Citation
Ullah A., Shams S., Ayaz S., Ibáñez Arancibia E., Siraj U., De los Rios-Escalante P.R., Ullah T., Badshah F. Ecological and Population Dynamics of Black and Grey Francolin (Phasianidae) in Totali Game Reserve, Pakistan. Birds Vol.6 No.2 (2025). doi:10.3390/birds6020026 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/111078
Title
Ecological and Population Dynamics of Black and Grey Francolin (Phasianidae) in Totali Game Reserve, Pakistan
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Ecological determinants of avian population dynamics are essential for effective wildlife management and conservation. Black and grey francolins are classified as being of least concern by the IUCN and are an ecologically significant bird in the northern regions of Pakistan. Although habitat degradation and overhunting have adversely affected their populations, research on the population structure and habitat preferences of the Totali Game Reserve, Buner District, Pakistan, remains limited. The present study applied distance sampling via the line transect method to estimate population densities and the quadrat method to assess vegetation characteristics across three distinct habitats. A statistical analysis revealed significant variations in densities across the three habitat types—agricultural lands, agroforests, and pasturelands—with both species exhibiting distinct preferences for pastureland ecosystems. Seasonal trends indicated that autumn represented the peak period for the population, driven by post-breeding surges and optimal habitat conditions. Moreover, both species demonstrated a strong affinity for habitats dominated by specific plant species, including hopbush, raspberry, barberry, and blackberry, which provide a critical resource for food, foraging, nesting, and shelter. These findings highlight the ecological importance of pasturelands and specific vegetation types for supporting the survival of these species. Furthermore, conservation efforts should prioritize the preservation and restoration of pastureland ecosystems and incorporate rigorous monitoring programs to guide adaptive management strategies aimed at mitigating population declines.