Dairy consumption and breast cancer risk: A comprehensive systematic review of current evidence

Abstract

Background: The relationship between dairy consumption and breast cancer remains controversial, with studies reporting protective, neutral, and adverse associations. Objectives: To synthesize current evidence on the association between dairy consumption and breast cancer risk through a systematic review. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of observational studies and meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Data extraction followed PRISMA guidelines, focusing on study design, population, dairy type, intake levels, and outcomes. Results: Eleven eligible studies were included, involving over 2 million participants across diverse populations. Yogurt and low-fat dairy were generally associated with reduced breast cancer risk, while high-fat milk and processed cheese showed trends toward increased risk. Subgroup analyses revealed differences by estrogen receptor (ER) status and menopausal stage. Conclusions: The impact of dairy on breast cancer risk varies by product type and patient characteristics. Further research is needed to delineate these relationships and inform dietary recommendations.