Biopolymeric Nanoparticles for the Sustainable Removal of Pharmaceutical and Dye Wastes

Abstract

The presence of pharmaceutical and dye contaminants in aquatic wastewater has emerged as a serious environmental issue due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic nature. However, both wastewater treatment methods repeatedly decrease or completely remove these pollutants. In this chapter, biopolymeric nanoparticles show special attention as eco-friendly, biodegradable, and efficient alternatives for wastewater purification. The green synthesis of natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, and starch, these nanoparticles exhibit high surface area, tunable functional groups, and strong adsorption or catalytic capabilities from pollutant water. This chapter talks about how to make biopolymeric nanoparticles and change surface area and physicochemical properties, all designed to effectively remove pharmaceutical waste and synthetic dyes. It also explores recent advances in removal mechanisms—including adsorption/degradation and photo-degradation performance. Additionally, this chapter emphasises how these biopolymeric materials are safe for the environment, can be reused, and shows their potential for treating large amounts of wastewater. The integration of biopolymeric nanoparticles with green synthesis methods underscores their promise as next-generation solutions for combating water pollution in a system that promotes recycling and sustainability.