Photogrammetric Reconstruction of 3D Human Anatomical Structures and Augmented Reality via Smartphone Technology

Abstract

Limited access to cadavers necessitates the availability of digital resources for anatomy education. Smartphone-based photogrammetry offers a promising solution for creating three-dimensional (3D) and augmented reality (AR) models. This study compared two mobile photogrammetry applications (Qlone and Polycam) that have been used in modern anatomical education. Human cadaveric specimens were prepared and scanned using an iPhone 12 equipped with each application. Initially, a structured qualitative assessment of the applications and their outputs was performed by three experts using a Likert scale, considering image quality, medical utility, and technical factors. After selecting the superior application, diverse anatomical specimens were reconstructed into 3D/AR models. Nine clinical anatomy experts used a Likert scale to rate 20 selected models in four areas: realism, clarity, completeness, and educational value. The comparative analysis indicated that Polycam is significantly superior to Qlone in 3D realism, resolution, shape fidelity, and educational value, despite Qlone's strengths in cost and processing speed. Polycam was then used to create high-fidelity 3D models of complex structures, which were refined and uploaded to a web-based platform. Experts scored the models as “good” to “excellent” in all four evaluation domains, with particularly high scores for anatomical realism in bones and solid organs. In conclusion, the Polycam application is useful for creating high-quality 3D/AR models of human anatomy. These digital resources maintain anatomical accuracy and enable immersive learning, making them an invaluable supplement to traditional dissection in medical schools.