Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the University of Western Ontario Questionnaire for Musculoskeletal Conditions in Thai Senior Golfers

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and evaluate the content validity and test-retest reliability of the Thai version of the University of Western Ontario Questionnaire for musculoskeletal conditions in senior golfers. Material and Methods: The questionnaire was translated into Thai following established cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. A cognitive review with 10 senior golfers was conducted to assess content validity, focusing on the relevance, clarity, and comprehensibility of the items. Test-retest reliability was evaluated twice over a 2-week interval in 100 senior golfers. Additionally, data on playing characteristics and golf-related injuries were collected and analyzed. Results: Cognitive review indicated that participants found the questions relevant and easy to understand, contributing to the content validity of the questionnaire. The questionnaire items showed high test-retest reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 1.00 for continuous data, and moderate to high reliability, with Kappa values ranging from 0.45 to 0.96 for dichotomous data. Thirty percent of Thai senior golfers reported golf-related musculoskeletal injuries, and 45% experienced low back pain after a round of golf. For continuous data, the standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change values were calculated to quantify the precision and smallest detectable change in the items related to golf activity, warm-up, and exercise habits. Conclusion: The Thai version of the questionnaire has demonstrated adequate validity and reliability for assessing musculoskeletal conditions in senior golfers. Insights from playing characteristics and injury data can aid health professionals in developing targeted injury prevention strategies.