Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Issued Date
2022-08-01
Resource Type
eISSN
24146366
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85136840634
Journal Title
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
Volume
7
Issue
8
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Vol.7 No.8 (2022)
Suggested Citation
Wilairatana P., Mala W., Kotepui K.U., Kotepui M. Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Vol.7 No.8 (2022). doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7080168 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/85648
Title
Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Author(s)
Author's Affiliation
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Malaria and influenza are co-endemic in several geographical areas, and differentiation of their clinical features is difficult. The present study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the prevalence and characteristics of malaria and influenza co-infection in febrile patients. The systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021264525). Relevant literature that reported malaria and influenza co-infection in febrile patients were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from 20 June to 27 June 2021 and the risk of bias for each study was assessed. Quantitative analysis included pooled prevalence, and the odds of malaria and influenza virus co-infection among febrile patients were estimated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed to summarize the effect estimate for each group. Funnel plot, Egger’s test, and contour-enhanced funnel plot were used to demonstrate any publication bias among outcomes of included studies. Among 4253 studies retrieved, 10 studies that enrolled 22,066 febrile patients with 650 co-infected patients were included for qualitative and quantitative syntheses. The pooled prevalence of malaria and influenza virus co-infection among febrile patients was 31.0% in Nigeria, 1.0% in Tanzania, 1.0% in Uganda, 1.0% in Malawi, 1.0% in Ghana, 0% in Cambodia, 7.0% in the Central African Republic, and 7.0% in Kenya. Meta-analysis also showed co-infection occurrence by chance (p = 0.097, odds ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.26–1.12, I2 94.9%). The prevalence of malaria and influenza virus co-infection among febrile patients was heterogeneous by country, characteristics of febrile participants, and diagnostic tests for influenza virus. Further studies should investigate severe clinical manifestations or differentiate clinical outcomes between mono-infected or co-infected individuals, whether the co-infection leads to severe disease outcome.