Updates on biomass based metal-organic frameworks for advanced antibiotic remediation: Integrating adsorption and catalytic pathways

Abstract

Background Highly versatile metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived from biomass hold a promising potential as green materials for the process of environmental remediation. By integrating the renewable and functional characteristics of biomass with structural tunability of MOFs, these composites have achieved better performance in antibiotic degradation. Methodology In this review, we summarize the various synthesis routes (microwave-solvothermal, solvothermal and other novel methods) with the biomass as precursors, template or active support to enhance the porosity and the distribution of active sites of the MOFs. The adsorption and degradation mechanisms of these composites are presented to demonstrate their multifunctional properties in the removal of various environmental pollutants. This article contains detailed kinetic analyses to offer insights into adsorption dynamics, informing potential optimizations of these materials towards specific applications. Significant Findings Moreover, this review focuses on the potential utility of these biomass-based MOFs in real remediation systems. It emphasizes the potential of using biomasses as a precursor for creating low-cost and eco-friendly MOFs useful for environmental remediation while serving as a basis for future research directions.