Roles of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin D in older individuals with frailty

Abstract

Frailty is an ageing-related syndrome of physiological decline, heightening vulnerability and increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamins B<inf>9</inf>, B<inf>12</inf>, and D, are prevalent among the elderly due to physiological changes and reduced food intake. Research suggests a correlation between low levels of these vitamins and an elevated risk of frailty. Vitamin B<inf>9</inf>, crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division, shows potential in frailty prevention, although evidence regarding supplementation remains inconclusive. Similarly, vitamin B<inf>12</inf>, essential for nerve function and red blood cell formation, presents conflicting findings regarding its impact on frailty prevention. Vitamin D, essential for bone health and muscle function, is linked to frailty risk, yet studies on the efficacy of supplementation yield mixed results. The mechanisms involving these vitamins, including their roles in DNA methylation and inflammation regulation, highlight the need for further research to clarify their direct impact on frailty prevention. Maintaining optimal levels of vitamins B<inf>9</inf>, B<inf>12</inf>, and D may reduce frailty, but older individuals need a complete approach that includes proper nutrition, physical activity, and other preventive measures.