Systematic review of evidence for the impact and effectiveness of the 1-3-7 strategy for malaria elimination

Abstract

Background: The 1-3-7 approach to eliminate malaria was first implemented in China in 2012. It has since been expanded to multiple countries, but no systematic review has examined the evidence for its use. A systematic review was conducted aiming to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of the strategy and identify key challenges and variations in its implementation across different countries. Methods: PUBMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CABS Abstracts, LILACS, Global Health, Medrxiv, Biorxiv were searched for all studies containing 1-3-7 and articles included if they contained information on 1-3-7 impact, effectiveness, challenges and/or adaptations for implementation in different countries. Results: 31 studies were included from China (19), Thailand (6), Myanmar (2), Tanzania (1), Cambodia (1), India (1) and Vietnam (1). During 1-3-7 implementation, malaria cases in China decreased by 99.1–99.9%, in Thailand by 66.9% during 2013–19, 65,1% in Cambodia during 2015–17 and 30.3% in India during 2015–16, with some differences in implementation. It was not possible to separate the impact of 1-3-7 from that due to other contemporaneous interventions. Implementing the 1-3-7 policy was largely effective, with reporting within 1 day in 99.8–100% of individuals in China and 36–100% in other countries, investigation within 3 days in 81.5–99.4% in China and 79.4–100% in other countries, and foci investigation within 7 days in 90.1–100% in China and 83.2–100% in other countries. Adaptations to 1-3-7 were described in 5 studies, mostly adjustment of the timing and/or definitions of each component. Key challenges identified included those related to staffing, equipment, process, and patient-provided information. Conclusion: Overall, the 1-3-7 approach was effectively implemented with a concomitant decrease in cases in malaria elimination settings, however, it was not possible to quantify impact as it was not implemented in isolation. Implementing adequate measures for testing, reporting, treatment, and containment is crucial for its success, which is dependent on the availability of resources, infrastructure, staffing, and consistent compliance across regions and throughout the year. However, achieving this nationally and maintaining compliance, especially at borders with malaria-affected countries, poses significant challenges.