Revolutionizing Breast Cancer Treatment: The Role of Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Although conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery have significantly improved survival, they are often limited by tumor heterogeneity, immune escape, and the lack of personalized post-surgical reconstruction. This review explores the intersection of regenerative medicine and immunotherapy as a novel strategy in breast cancer management. Natural killer (NK) cell therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK platforms, offer promising anti-tumor activity with lower toxicity compared to CAR-T cells. Artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the development of these therapies by identifying predictive biomarkers and optimizing CAR design. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known for their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, are being investigated for both systemic anti-cancer therapy and localized tissue repair. The use of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) further enhances therapeutic safety while preserving efficacy. Scaffold-based tissue engineering plays a critical role in breast reconstruction, providing a structural matrix that supports vascularization and cell integration. We also examine translational challenges, including variability in patient immune profiles, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory compliance. By integrating cell-based immunotherapy, stem cell biology, biomaterials, and AI-driven precision tools, the field is moving toward a more personalized and restorative model of breast cancer care. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential to overcome remaining barriers and fully realize the clinical potential of these emerging therapies.