Perceptions, health practices, and wildlife interactions among the Kaleung ethnic group in Sakon Nakhon, Thailand: implications for COVID-19 and zoonotic disease prevention

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to determine perceptions, practices, health conditions, including COVID-19, and wildlife contact characteristics among the Kaleung ethnic group in Kut Bak district, Sakon Nakhon province, from June to July 2023. Methods: This qualitative study carried out 4 in-depth interviews (IDIs), 5 key informant interviews (KIIs), and 3 focus group discussions (FGDs), with a total of 27 Kaleung and non-Kaleung (Thai) individuals, including males (16, 59.26%) and females (11, 40.74%). Results: The study revealed that the Kaleung communities maintained a deep connection with ancestral spirits and followed a traditional lifestyle intertwined with nature. Most of the Kaleung community members still relied on folk healers, hunted and consumed wild animals daily. They have continued to uphold their cultural practices, including forest hunting for food. Some Kaleung individuals understood the principle of COVID-19 prevention and employed herbal remedies to maintain their health condition. Despite their understanding of COVID-19, there was a notable lack of awareness regarding zoonotic diseases and the risks associated with consuming raw wild animals. Conclusions and recommendations: The Kaleung community respects their elders and the guardian ancestor spirit, maintaining traditional practices despite modern influences, with shamans supporting community survival. Living near the forest, they use its resources sustainably, but hunting and consuming wild meat often involve poor hygiene and raw consumption, raising zoonotic disease risks. These findings could highlight the need for a One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health. Collaboration among health professionals, authorities, community leaders, and village health volunteers is essential to promote safe food practices, hygiene, and disease prevention. Incorporating One Health principles into training for villagers and local health personnel can strengthen surveillance and preventive strategies.