Chlorinated Paraffins in Global Air: First Results from the GAPS and GAPS-Megacities Networks
Issued Date
2026-02-13
Resource Type
eISSN
28371402
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105031114844
Journal Title
American Chemical Society Environmental Science and Technology Air
Volume
3
Issue
2
Start Page
437
End Page
448
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
American Chemical Society Environmental Science and Technology Air Vol.3 No.2 (2026) , 437-448
Suggested Citation
Saini A., Kutarna S., Niu S., Mohindra M., Schuster J.K., Mastin J., Eng A., Harner T., Yates A., Sweetman A.J., Jiménez B., Manzano C.A., Gaga E.O., Stevenson G., Alharbi H.A., Falandysz J., Lee J.E., Miglioranza K.S.B., Tominaga M., Jariyasopit N., Rojas N.Y., Amador-Muñoz O., Forbes P., Alani R., Iyer S.R., Lee S.B., Nishino T., Shoeib T., Jans U., Qiu X., Cheng Z. Chlorinated Paraffins in Global Air: First Results from the GAPS and GAPS-Megacities Networks. American Chemical Society Environmental Science and Technology Air Vol.3 No.2 (2026) , 437-448. 448. doi:10.1021/acsestair.5c00350 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/115516
Title
Chlorinated Paraffins in Global Air: First Results from the GAPS and GAPS-Megacities Networks
Author(s)
Saini A.
Kutarna S.
Niu S.
Mohindra M.
Schuster J.K.
Mastin J.
Eng A.
Harner T.
Yates A.
Sweetman A.J.
Jiménez B.
Manzano C.A.
Gaga E.O.
Stevenson G.
Alharbi H.A.
Falandysz J.
Lee J.E.
Miglioranza K.S.B.
Tominaga M.
Jariyasopit N.
Rojas N.Y.
Amador-Muñoz O.
Forbes P.
Alani R.
Iyer S.R.
Lee S.B.
Nishino T.
Shoeib T.
Jans U.
Qiu X.
Cheng Z.
Kutarna S.
Niu S.
Mohindra M.
Schuster J.K.
Mastin J.
Eng A.
Harner T.
Yates A.
Sweetman A.J.
Jiménez B.
Manzano C.A.
Gaga E.O.
Stevenson G.
Alharbi H.A.
Falandysz J.
Lee J.E.
Miglioranza K.S.B.
Tominaga M.
Jariyasopit N.
Rojas N.Y.
Amador-Muñoz O.
Forbes P.
Alani R.
Iyer S.R.
Lee S.B.
Nishino T.
Shoeib T.
Jans U.
Qiu X.
Cheng Z.
Author's Affiliation
Peking University
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
King Saud University
Beijing Normal University
Universidad de Chile
University of Pretoria
Korea Institute of Science and Technology
Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lodzi
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
The Graduate Center
City College of New York
Siriraj Hospital
University of Lagos
Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
Lancaster Environment Centre
School of Sciences and Engineering
Eskisehir Technical University
CSIC - Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG)
The Energy and Resources Institute India
National Measurement Institute, Australia
The Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection
Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
King Saud University
Beijing Normal University
Universidad de Chile
University of Pretoria
Korea Institute of Science and Technology
Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lodzi
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
The Graduate Center
City College of New York
Siriraj Hospital
University of Lagos
Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
Lancaster Environment Centre
School of Sciences and Engineering
Eskisehir Technical University
CSIC - Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG)
The Energy and Resources Institute India
National Measurement Institute, Australia
The Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection
Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
This study presents the first global data set of measured chlorinated paraffins (CPs), including short-chain (SCCPs), medium-chain (MCCPs), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in ambient air, derived from a single coordinated sampling network, i.e., the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) network, using a passive sampling approach. Concentrations exhibited pronounced regional disparities, with the combined levels in two megacities─Lagos, Nigeria (512,000 pg/m<sup>3</sup>) and Beijing, China (258,000 pg/m<sup>3</sup>) exceeding by more than 1.5-fold the combined total levels observed across the rest of the world (∼459,000 pg/m<sup>3</sup>). Evidence of long-range atmospheric transport was observed at remote sites in western Canada (Little Fox Lake and Whistler), influenced by trans-Pacific air trajectories during the sampling period. These findings underscore the substantial global heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of CPs and the heavily disproportionate contributions of a few regions. Notably, the major producers/emitters, such as China, had several years of delay in ratifying the SCCP listing under the Stockholm Convention (Annex A, elimination since 2017 for congeners with > 48% chlorine content), and some countries have yet to ratify. Without the timely implementation of regulatory measures in these jurisdictions, global concentrations are expected to remain stagnant or even increase if emissions persist at current levels. These results further suggest that substantial time lags are likely before measurable declines in SCCP concentrations, and potentially in recently listed MCCPs, are observed even in regions where control measures are already in place. Hence, this global data set serves as a baseline for future assessments of temporal and spatial trends.