Enhancing transgender mobility on public transport through equitable transport policies in a culturally conservative society

Abstract

Transgender individuals have visible gender expressions that distinguish them from other gender minorities, including lesbian, gay, bisexual or queer individuals. This visibility increases their vulnerability to gender-based violence and harassment in public spaces, and restricts their mobility on public transport and access to basic amenities for healthcare, education and employment. This issue is particularly severe in culturally conservative societies. This study aims to address the issue by exploring public acceptance of transgender individuals on public transport in Pakistan and recommending equitable transport policies for enhancing their mobility. Using the conceptual framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a questionnaire was developed, and 474 responses were collected via an online survey. A multivariate structural equation model (SEM) was developed, and the results reveal that perceived behavioral control and intentions have a positive and significant relationship with transport policy interventions. Regarding the socioeconomic characteristics, male individuals, those with higher education, and those who meet transgender individuals more often, exhibit positive attitudes towards supportive transport policies aimed at enhancing transgender mobility on public transport. According to the findings, numerous equitable transport policies such as providing dedicated spaces and seats on public transport for transgender individuals, implementing dedicated car-sharing programs, enforcing transgender protection acts, and improving public acceptance through education and awareness campaigns, are recommended.