Assessing language vitality and analyzing factors behind language maintenance and language shift: the case of Hakka in Thailand

Abstract

This paper examines the vitality of Hakka Chinese in Thailand using the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) and identifies social and geographic factors affecting language shift. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey involving 3,442 participants from 38 hakka communities. The survey data were complemented by semi-structured interviews with 190 participants, providing detailed information on language use in various communicative settings. The results show that the majority of Hakka communities are at EGIDS levels 7 (Shifting) to 8b (Nearly Extinct). Standard Thai and Thai dialects dominate both public and private domains of use. However, Hakka is still actively maintained in Betong Municipality, Yala Province, southern Thailand, where the Betong Hakka community is at EGIDS level 6a (Vigorous). In this paper, we contend that the isolated physical location, limited accessibility, and a local language ecology characterized by extensive small-scale multilingualism are key factors promoting language vitality.