Prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes among adults in Iraq: analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2015 STEPS survey
Issued Date
2022-11-23
Resource Type
eISSN
20446055
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85142939065
Pubmed ID
36418142
Journal Title
BMJ Open
Volume
12
Issue
11
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
BMJ Open Vol.12 No.11 (2022)
Suggested Citation
Pengpid S., Peltzer K. Prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes among adults in Iraq: analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2015 STEPS survey. BMJ Open Vol.12 No.11 (2022). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064293 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/85370
Title
Prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes among adults in Iraq: analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2015 STEPS survey
Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (UT2D) among adults (aged 18 years and older) in Iraq. Design Cross-sectional, population-based study. Setting Nationally representative sample of general community-dwelling adult population in Iraq from the 2015 Iraq STEPS survey. Participants The sample included 3853 adults (mean age 41.8 years, SD=15.8), with complete fasting blood glucose values, from the 2015 Iraq STEPS survey. Outcome measures Data collection included: (1) social and behavioural information, (2) physical parameters and blood pressure measurements and (3) biochemical measurements. UT2D was classified as not being diagnosed with T2D and fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL. Multivariable multinomial and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with UT2D. Results The prevalence of UT2D was 8.1% and the prevalence of diagnosed T2D (DT2D) was 8.9%. Participants aged 50 years and older (adjusted relative risk ratio (ARRR): 2.11, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.43) and those with high cholesterol (ARRR: 1.54, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.24) had a higher risk of UT2D. Older age (≥50 years) (ARRR: 17.90, 95% CI 8.42 to 38.06), receipt of healthcare advice (ARRR: 2.15, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.96), history of cholesterol testing (ARRR: 2.17, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.99), stroke or heart attack (ARRR: 1.81, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.92), and high cholesterol (ARRR: 1.55, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.06) were positively associated with DT2D, and high physical activity (ARRR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.84) was negatively associated with DT2D. Higher than primary education (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.02, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.37) was positively associated with UT2D versus DT2D, while older age (≥50 years) (AOR: 0.12, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.25), healthcare advice (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.70), and history of cholesterol screening (AOR: 0.37, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.58) were inversely associated with UT2D versus DT2D. Conclusion Almost one in ten adults in Iraq had UT2D, and various associated factors were identified that could be useful in planning interventions.