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Publication Metadata only Influences of land use and climate changes on hydrologic system in the northeastern river basin of Thailand(2015-01-01) Nuanchan Singkran; Jaruporn Tosang; Doungjai Waijaroen; Naree Intharawichian; Ornanong Vannarart; Pitchaya Anantawong; Karika Kunta; Poonsak Wisetsopa; Tanomkwan Tipvong; Naruekamon Janjirawuttikul; Fatah Masthawee; Sanguanpran Amornpatanawat; Sukrit Kirtsaeng; Mahidol University; Thailand Land Development Department, Bangkok; Department of Water Resources; Mekong River Commission; Pollution Control Department; Thai Meteorological Department© IWA Publishing 2015. This study was a first attempt to portray the effects of land use and climate changes (CCs) on the hydrologic system in the Lamtakhong Basin in northeastern Thailand, which has been disturbed by various human activities..., making it difficult to determine these impacts on hydrologic conditions. The hydrologic Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was set up with land use and soil data of 2002 and observed flow and weather data during 1999–2000. After the model was calibratedPublication Metadata only Determining land use influences on the hydrologic regime of the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand(2021-02-01) Nuanchan Singkran; Naree Intharawichian; Pitchaya Anantawong; Mahidol University; Pollution Control Department; 180/3 Soil 34 Rama 6 Rd.Water flows and yields in the Chao Phraya River Basin (CPRB) of Thailand were predicted using a soil and water assessment tool model. Three land use change scenarios (SC1–SC3) were simulated to investigate their influences on mean monthly water yields across the 13 sub-basins in the CPRB. The results showed that the changes in water yields in most sub-basins were 0–10%. The high increase in paddy fields but decrease in other agricultural areas in SC1 (90% paddy fields and 10% forestry areas) and SC2 (70% paddy fields, 20% other agricultural areas, and 10% forestry areas) showed a combined influence on the increase in water yields at sub-basin 7. The change was 19.2–57.3% in SC1, 13.9–32.5% in SC2, but a little (0.1–2.1%) in SC3 (40% paddy fields, 50% other agricultural areas, and 10% forestry areas). However, the changing areas of paddy fields contributed to unclear patterns of water yields in the remaining sub-basins; where paddy fields might rely mainly on irrigated water, not rainwater, which is a major source of water yields. The increase in urban and built-up areas showed varied influences on the increase (as the result of precipitation) or decrease (due to specific measures, e.g., increase of green areas or excavation of river channels) in water yields in the river basin. These findings are useful for improving the relevant management measures for the river basin.Publication Metadata only Genetic characterization of tick-borne flaviviruses: New insights into evolution, pathogenetic determinants and taxonomy(2007-04-25) Gilda Grard; Grégory Moureau; Rémi N. Charrel; Jean Jacques Lemasson; Jean Paul Gonzalez; Pierre Gallian; Tamara S. Gritsun; Edward C. Holmes; Ernest A. Gould; Xavier de Lamballerie; Faculte de Medecine de Marseille Universite de la Mediterranee; IRD-UR0178; Mahidol University; Etablissement Francais du Sang; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Pennsylvania State UniversityHere, we analyze the complete coding sequences of all recognized tick-borne flavivirus species, including Gadgets Gully, Royal Farm and Karshi virus, seabird-associated flaviviruses, Kadam virus and previously uncharacterized isolates of Kyasanur Forest disease virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. Significant taxonomic improvements are proposed, e.g. the identification of three major groups (mammalian, seabird and Kadam tick-borne flavivirus groups), the creation of a new species (Karshi virus) and the assignment of Tick-borne encephalitis and Louping ill viruses to a unique species (Tick-borne encephalitis virus) including four viral types (i.e. Western Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Eastern Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Turkish sheep Tick-borne encephalitis virus and Louping ill Tick-borne encephalitis virus). The analyses also suggest a complex relationship between viruses infecting birds and those infecting mammals. Ticks that feed on both categories of vertebrates may constitute the evolutionary bridge between the three distinct identified lineages. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only The application of hydraulic model with GIS flood risk mapping(2008-12-01) T. Sansena; K. Bhaktikul; Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization); Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol UniversityThe objectives of this research are to integrate hydraulic model and Geographic Information System (GIS) for studying Mae Klong River runoff and to create the flood risk map based on hydrology and hydraulic approach. The process involved runofff... requency analysis for designing runoff return period, developing GIS data for generating Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM), integrating Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model with the DTM to develop regional model for flood plainPublication Open Access Impact of Climate Change on Reservoir Reliability: A Case of Bhumibol Dam in Ping River Basin, Thailand(2561) Allan Sriratana Tabucanon; Areeya Rittima; Detchasit Raveephinit; Yutthana Phankamolsil; Wudhichart Sawangphol; Jidapa Kraisangka; Yutthana Talaluxmana; Varawoot Vudhivanich; Wenchao Xue; Mahidol University. Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies; Mahidol University. Faculty of Engineering; Mahidol University. Faculty of Information and Communication Technology; Kasetsart University. Faculty of Engineering; Kasetsart University. Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng; Asian Institute of Technology. Department of Energy Environment and Climate ChangeBhumibol Dam is the largest dam in the central region of Thailand and it serves as an important water resource. The dam’s operation relies on reservoir operating rules that were developed on the basis of the relationships among rainfall-inflow, water balance, and downstream water demand. However, due to climate change, changing rainfall variability is expected to render the reliability of the rule curves insecure. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of climate change on the reliability of the current reservoir operation rules of Bhumibol Dam. The future scenarios from 2000 to 2099 are based on EC-EARTH under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios downscaled by RegCM4. MIKE11 HD was developed for the inflow simulation. The model generates the inflow well (R2=0.70). Generally, the trend of increasing inflow amounts is expected to continue in the dry seasons from 2000-2099, while large fluctuations of inflow are expected to be found in the wet seasons, reflecting high uncertainties. In the case of standard deviations, a larger deviation is predicted under the RCP8.5 scenario. For the reservoir’s operation in a climate change study, standard operating procedures were applied using historical release records to estimate daily reservoir release needed to serve downstream water demand in the future. It can be concluded that there is high risk of current reservoir operating rules towards the operation reliability under RCP4.5 (80% reliability), but the risk is lower under RCP8.5 (87% reliability) due to increased inflow amounts. The unmanageability occurs in the wet season, cautioning the need to redesign the rules.Publication Metadata only Treating causes not symptoms: Restoration of surfacegroundwater interactions in rivers(2009-10-05) Tamao Kasahara; Thibault Datry; Michael Mutz; Andrew J. Boulton; Utah State University; Irstea; Brandenburgische Technische Universitat Cottbus; University of New England Australia; Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol UniversityMany river restoration projects seek to address issues associated with impaired hydrological and ecological connectivity in longitudinal (e.g. effects of dams, weirs) or lateral (e.g. alienated floodplain) dimensions. Efforts to restore the vertical... this approach at reach to catchment scales will provide scientific insights into the interplay of hydrology, fluvial geomorphology and river ecosystem function at appropriately broad scales. © 2009 CSIRO.Publication Unknown Population-level faecal metagenomic profiling as a tool to predict antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacterales isolates causing invasive infections: An exploratory study across Cambodia, Kenya, and the UK(2021-06-01) Olga Tosas Auguet; Rene Niehus; Hyun Soon Gweon; James A. Berkley; Joseph Waichungo; Tsi Njim; Jonathan D. Edgeworth; Rahul Batra; Kevin Chau; Jeremy Swann; Sarah A. Walker; Tim E.A. Peto; Derrick W. Crook; Sarah Lamble; Paul Turner; Ben S. Cooper; Nicole Stoesser; Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University; The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories Nairobi; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; University of Reading; King's College London; Nuffield Department of Medicine; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Angkor Hospital for Children; National Institute for Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance; The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition (CHAIN) NetworkBackground: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterobacterales is a global health threat. Capacity for individual-level surveillance remains limited in many countries, whilst population-level surveillance approaches could inform empiric antibiotic treatment guidelines. Methods: In this exploratory study, a novel approach to population-level prediction of AMR in Enterobacterales clinical isolates using metagenomic (Illumina) profiling of pooled DNA extracts from human faecal samples was developed and tested. Taxonomic and AMR gene profiles were used to derive taxonomy-adjusted population-level AMR metrics. Bayesian modelling, and model comparison based on cross-validation, were used to evaluate the capacity of each metric to predict the number of resistant Enterobacterales invasive infections at a population-level, using available bloodstream/cerebrospinal fluid infection data. Findings: Population metagenomes comprised samples from 177, 157, and 156 individuals in Kenya, the UK, and Cambodia, respectively, collected between September 2014 and April 2016. Clinical data from independent populations included 910, 3356 and 197 bacterial isolates from blood/cerebrospinal fluid infections in Kenya, the UK and Cambodia, respectively (samples collected between January 2010 and May 2017). Enterobacterales were common colonisers and pathogens, and faecal taxonomic/AMR gene distributions and proportions of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales infections differed by setting. A model including terms reflecting the metagenomic abundance of the commonest clinical Enterobacterales species, and of AMR genes known to either increase the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or confer clinically-relevant resistance, had a higher predictive performance in determining population-level resistance in clinical Enterobacterales isolates compared to models considering only AMR gene information, only taxonomic information, or an intercept-only baseline model (difference in expected log predictive density compared to best model, estimated using leave-one-out cross-validation: intercept-only model = -223 [95% credible interval (CI): -330,-116]; model considering only AMR gene information = -186 [95% CI: -281,-91]; model considering only taxonomic information = -151 [95% CI: -232,-69]). Interpretation: Whilst our findings are exploratory and require validation, intermittent metagenomics of pooled samples could represent an effective approach for AMR surveillance and to predict population-level AMR in clinical isolates, complementary to ongoing development of laboratory infrastructures processing individual samples.Publication Metadata only Setting the standard: Multidisciplinary hallmarks for structural, equitable and tracked antibiotic policy(2020-09-23) Claas Kirchhelle; Paul Atkinson; Alex Broom; Komatra Chuengsatiansup; Jorge Pinto Ferreira; Nicolas Fortané; Isabel Frost; Christoph Gradmann; Stephen Hinchliffe; Steven J. Hoffman; Javier Lezaun; Susan Nayiga; Kevin Outterson; Scott H. Podolsky; Stephanie Raymond; Adam P. Roberts; Andrew C. Singer; Anthony D. So; Luechai Sringernyuang; Elizabeth Tayler; Susan Rogers Van Katwyk; Clare I.R. Chandler; Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research; Oxford Social Sciences Division; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration; York University; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Organisation Mondiale de la Santé; University of Exeter; The University of Sydney; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; University of Liverpool; Boston University; Imperial College London; Mahidol University; Universitetet i Oslo; Université Paris-Dauphine; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; University College Dublin; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Harvard Medical School; Innovation + Design Enabling Access (IDEA) Initiative; Antimicrobial Resistance and Veterinary Products Department; Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy; Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre© 2020 Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ. There is increasing concern globally about the enormity of the threats posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to human, animal, plant and environmental health. A proliferation of international, national and institutional reports on the problems posed by AMR and the need for antibiotic stewardship have galvanised attention on the global stage. However, the AMR community increasingly laments a lack of action, often identified as an â € implementation gap'. At a policy level, the design of internationally salient solutions that are able to address AMR's interconnected biological and social (historical, political, economic and cultural) dimensions is not straightforward. This multidisciplinary paper responds by asking two basic questions: (A) Is a universal approach to AMR policy and antibiotic stewardship possible? (B) If yes, what hallmarks characterise â € good' antibiotic policy? Our multistage analysis revealed four central challenges facing current international antibiotic policy: metrics, prioritisation, implementation and inequality. In response to this diagnosis, we propose three hallmarks that can support robust international antibiotic policy. Emerging hallmarks for good antibiotic policies are: Structural, Equitable and Tracked. We describe these hallmarks and propose their consideration should aid the design and evaluation of international antibiotic policies with maximal benefit at both local and international scales.Publication Metadata only One Health drivers of antibacterial resistance: Quantifying the relative impacts of human, animal and environmental use and transmission(2021-06-01) Ross D. Booton; Aronrag Meeyai; Nour Alhusein; Henry Buller; Edward Feil; Helen Lambert; Skorn Mongkolsuk; Emma Pitchforth; Kristen K. Reyher; Walasinee Sakcamduang; Jutamaad Satayavivad; Andrew C. Singer; Luechai Sringernyuang; Visanu Thamlikitkul; Lucy Vass; Matthew B. Avison; Boonrat Chantong; Nisanart Charoenlap; Natacha Couto; Punyawee Dulyayangkul; Marjorie J. Gibbon; Virginia C. Gould; Varapon Montrivade; Kornrawan Phoonsawad; Nuchanart Rangkadilok; Parntep Ratanakorn; Kwanrawee Sirikanchana; Tawit Suriyo; Sarin Suwanpakdee; Katherine M.E. Turner; Kantima Wichuwaranan; Anuwat Wiratsudakul; Chulabhorn Research Institute; Bristol Medical School; Bristol Veterinary School; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Bath; University of Exeter; Chulabhorn Royal Academy; University of Bristol; Mahidol University; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyObjectives: Antibacterial resistance (ABR) is a major global health security threat, with a disproportionate burden on lower-and middle-income countries (LMICs). It is not understood how ‘One Health’, where human health is co-dependent on animal health and the environment, might impact the burden of ABR in LMICs. Thailand's 2017 “National Strategic Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance” (NSP-AMR) aims to reduce AMR morbidity by 50% through 20% reductions in human and 30% in animal antibacterial use (ABU). There is a need to understand the implications of such a plan within a One Health perspective. Methods: A model of ABU, gut colonisation with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria and transmission was calibrated using estimates of the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in Thailand. This model was used to project the reduction in human ABR over 20 years (2020–2040) for each One Health driver, including individual transmission rates between humans, animals and the environment, and to estimate the long-term impact of the NSP-AMR intervention. Results: The model predicts that human ABU was the most important factor in reducing the colonisation of humans with resistant bacteria (maximum 65.7–99.7% reduction). The NSP-AMR is projected to reduce human colonisation by 6.0–18.8%, with more ambitious targets (30% reductions in human ABU) increasing this to 8.5–24.9%. Conclusions: Our model provides a simple framework to explain the mechanisms underpinning ABR, suggesting that future interventions targeting the simultaneous reduction of transmission and ABU would help to control ABR more effectively in Thailand.Publication Metadata only The VIZIER project: Preparedness against pathogenic RNA viruses(2008-04-01) B. Coutard; A. E. Gorbalenya; E. J. Snijder; A. M. Leontovich; A. Poupon; X. De Lamballerie; R. Charrel; E. A. Gould; S. Gunther; H. Norder; B. Klempa; H. Bourhy; J. Rohayem; E. L'hermite; P. Nordlund; D. I. Stuart; R. J. Owens; J. M. Grimes; P. A. Tucker; M. Bolognesi; A. Mattevi; M. Coll; T. A. Jones; J. Åqvist; T. Unge; R. Hilgenfeld; G. Bricogne; J. Neyts; P. La Colla; G. Puerstinger; J. P. Gonzalez; E. Leroy; C. Cambillau; J. L. Romette; B. Canard; Universite de Provence Aix-Marseille 1; CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Center of Infectious Diseases; Faculte de Medecine de Marseille Universite de la Mediterranee; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control; Institute of Virology Slovak Academy of Sciences; Institut Pasteur, Paris; Bernhard Nocht Institut fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg; Dresden University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; BioXtal; University of Oxford; Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron; Universita degli Studi di Milano; Universita degli Studi di Pavia; CSIC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB); Global Phasing Ltd; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum; Universität zu Lübeck; KU Leuven; Universita degli Studi di Cagliari; Mahidol University; IRD-R178; University of Innsbruck; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Stockholms universitetLife-threatening RNA viruses emerge regularly, and often in an unpredictable manner. Yet, the very few drugs available against known RNA viruses have sometimes required decades of research for development. Can we generate preparedness for outbreaks of the, as yet, unknown viruses? The VIZIER (VIral enZymes InvolvEd in Replication) (http://www.vizier-europe.org/) project has been set-up to develop the scientific foundations for countering this challenge to society. VIZIER studies the most conserved viral enzymes (that of the replication machinery, or replicases) that constitute attractive targets for drug-design. The aim of VIZIER is to determine as many replicase crystal structures as possible from a carefully selected list of viruses in order to comprehensively cover the diversity of the RNA virus universe, and generate critical knowledge that could be efficiently utilized to jump-start research on any emerging RNA virus. VIZIER is a multidisciplinary project involving (i) bioinformatics to define functional domains, (ii) viral genomics to increase the number of characterized viral genomes and prepare defined targets, (iii) proteomics to express, purify, and characterize targets, (iv) structural biology to solve their crystal structures, and (v) pre-lead discovery to propose active scaffolds of antiviral molecules. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.