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Publication Open Access Malaria community health workers in Myanmar: a cost analysis(2016) Shwe Sin Kyaw; Drake, Tom; Aung Thi; Myat Phone Kyaw; Thaung Hlaing; Smithuis, Frank M.; White, Lisa J.; Lubell, Yoel; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unitremoteness and the approach to monitoring and evaluation. The estimates provide information to policy makers and CHW programme planners in Myanmar as well as supporting economic evaluations of their cost-effectiveness.Publication Open Access Impact of economic fluctuation and 1997 Thailand economic crisis on cirrhosis cause of death(2009-07) Yothin Sawangdee; โยธิน แสวงดี; Piyawat Katewongsa; ปิยวัฒน์ เกตุวงศา; Wimontip Musikaphan; Boonlert Leoprapai; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social ResearchThis study examines the impact of economic fluctuation and 1997 Thailand economic crisis on cirrhosis cause of death among patients during 1980-2000. Materials and methods are time series data from Public Health Statistics and data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which are investigated through Distributed Lag Model. The unit of analysis is year which consisted of 21 years. Samples are divided into two groups as people in working age (15-59 years old) and people in old age group (60 and over). The results show that short impact of present year economic crisis (Lag0) did not directly generate dead cases by cirrhosis among patients in both working age and old age groups significantly ( working age group Lag0: ß = 0.039, S.E = .005; old age group Lag0: ß = 0.057, S.E = .004). Rather, the most influences were among one and two years (working age group Lag1: ? = -0.016, S.E = .008; old age group Lag1: ß = -0.021, S.E = .006); (working age group Lag2, ß = -0.007, S.E = .005; old age group Lag2: ß = -0.011, S.E = .004) afterward which are the long-run impact. Interestingly, the1997 economic crisis generated positive direction of death in working age group but being negative in old age group. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that there were not many people in working age group who died due to cirrhosis disease during the economic recession year which is similar to the impact of Lag0. Besides, it has had a negative impact on the number of dying by this cause of death on the old age group in the later one and two years, which is similar to Lag1 and Lag2. That is to say, the short-run economic crisis strongly generated long-run impact to patients in both working age and in old age groups. The 1997 crisis had not affected only the national macro economy but it also generated death for population at micro level.Publication Open Access A cost-utility analysis of drug treatments in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B in Thailand(2014) Narisa Tantai; Usa Chaikledkaew; Tawesak Tanwandee; Pitsaphun Werayingyong; Yot Teerawattananon; Mahidol University. Faculty of Pharmacy. Social and Administrative Pharmacy Excellence Research (SAPER) Unit; Mahidol University. Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. Department of Pharmacy; Mahidol University. Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. Division of Gastroenterologydrug treatments conducted in Thailand yet. In order to fill this gap in policy research, the objective of this study was to compare the cost-utility of each drug therapy (Figure 1) with palliative care in patients with HBeAg-positive CHB. Methods: A... probabilities of being cost-effective at the societal willingness to pay thresholds of 100,000 (USD 3,333) and 300,000 (USD 10,000) THB per QALY gained in Thailand, respectively. Conclusions: Based on the policy recommendations from this study, the ThaiPublication Open Access Rapid Assessment and Response: The Context of HIV/AIDS and Adolescents in Bangkok(2011) Nantiya Watthayu; นันทิยา วัฒายุ; Jennifer Wenzel; Ratree Sirisreetreeru; ราตรี ศิริศรีตรีรักษ์; Chayathit Sangprasert; ชายาทิต แสงประเสริฐ; Nuntiga Wisettanakorn; นันทิกา วิเศษธนากร; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. คณะพยาบาลศาสตร์. ภาควิชาการพยาบาลสาธารณสุขศาสตร์; Johns Hopkins University. School of Nursing. Department of Acute & Chronic Care; กระทรวงสาธารณสุข. กรมควบคุมโรค; สำนักอนามัยกรุงเทพมหานคร. ศูนย์บริการสาธารณสุข 26recommendations. Conclusion and recommendations: RAR appears to be an effective assessment tool to develop population-specific HIV/AIDS prevention interventions. The findings of this study provide information that could enable local health providers and policyPublication Open Access Farmers and fertilizers: A socio-ecological exploration of the alternative agriculture movement in Northeastern Thailand(2011-12) Kaufman, Alex; Suriyapong Watanasak; Mahidol University. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resource StudiesDespite the urgency of reducing the environmental impacts of food production, the public and private sector continues to promote intensive agriculture methods. Studies show that input substitution strategies have led small-scale farmers into a cycle of debt and degraded soil fertility. In Thailand, non-governmental organizations have assisted farmers through organic extension programs. This research examined the socio-ecological benefits of organic production to rice farmers through a mixed methods approach. Coding and categorizing of semi-structured interviews with 50 Northeastern Thai organic farmers’ sheds light on shared values, perceptions, and actions towards nature. Through grounded theory I discovered the salience of fertilizing practices as a medium of associations between farmers and nature. A subsequent phase of structured interviews with 75 members of organic farmer groups investigated the ways that informants improved soil fertility. Organic farmers perceived bountiful rice and good health as externalities of nurturing the soil. By engaging in organic fertilizer practices respondents came to see themselves as part of an extended community of life. Data analysis reveals that participation in fertilizer groups contributes to improved health, wellbeing, and the long-term sustainability of organic farms.Publication Open Access Tourism threats to Coral Reef Resilience at Koh Sak, Pattaya Bay(2015-01) Phillips, Wayne N.; Mahidol University. Mahidol University International CollegeCoral reefs provide many ecosystem goods and services and rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are resulting in higher than normal sea surface temperatures (SSTs), increasing the frequency and extent of mass coral bleaching and mortality. The loss of corals after bleaching events is often followed by changes in the reef community and the proliferation of macroalgae, especially in reefs experiencing tourism and fishing. This change, however, is less likely in reefs experiencing fewer negative impacts. Using a mixed methods approach to data collection we used boat-traffic surveys, coral reef substrate surveys and self-complete questionnaires and interviews of scuba divers, island visitors and their tour guides to assess potential tourism impacts to the coral reef at Koh Sak, Pattaya. The number of tourists, the intensity of boat traffic and poor management of activities at the island impair the structural and ecological integrity of the reef thereby affecting its ecological and spatial resilience and capacity to survive global climate change. To improve reef resilience, there needs to be a shift from exploitative business practices to a conservation-based industry that creates the infrastructure to ensure visitors participate in activities that help conserve the reef rather than weaken it.Publication Open Access Respondent-driven sampling on the Thailand-Cambodia border. I. Can malaria cases be contained in mobile migrant workers?(2011-05-10) Amnat Khamsiriwatchara; Piyaporn Wangroongsarb; Thwing, Julie; Eliades, James; Wichai Satimai; Delacollette, Charles; Jaranit Kaewkungwal; จรณิต แก้วกังวาล; Delacollette, Charles; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine.BACKGROUND: Reliable information on mobility patterns of migrants is a crucial part of the strategy to contain the spread of artemisinin-resistant malaria parasites in South-East Asia, and may also be helpful to efforts to address other public health problems for migrants and members of host communities. In order to limit the spread of malarial drug resistance, the malaria prevention and control programme will need to devise strategies to reach cross-border and mobile migrant populations. METHODOLOGY: The Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method was used to survey migrant workers from Cambodia and Myanmar, both registered and undocumented, in three Thai provinces on the Thailand-Cambodia border in close proximity to areas with documented artemisinin-resistant malaria parasites. 1,719 participants (828 Cambodian and 891 Myanmar migrants) were recruited. Subpopulations of migrant workers were analysed using the Thailand Ministry of Health classification based on length of residence in Thailand of greater than six months (long-term, or M1) or less than six months (short-term, or M2). Key information collected on the structured questionnaire included patterns of mobility and migration, demographic characteristics, treatment-seeking behaviours, and knowledge, perceptions, and practices about malaria. RESULTS: Workers from Cambodia came from provinces across Cambodia, and 22% of Cambodian M1 and 72% of Cambodian M2 migrants had been in Cambodia in the last three months. Less than 6% returned with a frequency of greater than once per month. Of migrants from Cambodia, 32% of M1 and 68% of M2 were planning to return, and named provinces across Cambodia as their likely next destinations. Most workers from Myanmar came from Mon state (86%), had never returned to Myanmar (85%), and only 4% stated plans to return. CONCLUSION: Information on migratory patterns of migrants from Myanmar and Cambodia along the malaria endemic Thailand-Cambodian border within the artemisinin resistance containment zone will help target health interventions,including treatment follow-up and surveillance.