Scopus 1991-2000
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Publication Metadata only Use of beta-blockers in chronic congestive heart failure(2000-10-01) Nithi Mahanonda; Manoon Samranthin; Sureerat Panyarachun; Mahidol UniversityThe sympathetic nervous system and renin angiotensin agents play an important role in heart failure both as a marker of severity of disease and also as a deteriorious factor for congestive heart failure. A beta-blocker in those patients used to be contraindicated. There has been evidence that the blocking effect of alpha and beta-receptors may ameliorate symptoms and retard progression of the disease. In early studies, the usage of a beta-blocker in mild to moderate congestive heart failure could improve symptoms, increase exercise capacity, and decrease heart size. Recently large clinical randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials exhibited long-term treatment of beta-blockers, in chronic heart failure could improve cardiac function, alleviate symptoms, reduce the all-cause mortality and also risk of cardiovascular hospitalization. The appropriate dose and gradual adjustment over time with patient selection will increase benefit and decrease the adverse effects. In the future, beta-blockers may be the fourth component of the standard regimen of ACE inhibitors, diuretics and digoxin in many patients with congestive heart failure.Publication Metadata only Avoiding serious corneal complications of laser assisted in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy(2000-04-01) Simon P. Holland; Sabong Srivannaboon; Dan Z. Reinstein; The University of British Columbia; Laser Center; Mahidol University; Cornell UniversityObjective: To identify avoidable factors that can lead to serious complications of laser refractive surgery (photorefractive keratectomy [PRK] and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis [LASIK]). Design: Noncomparative case series. Participants: Twenty-seven eyes of 19 patients who had undergone either LASIK or PRK with severe complications accrued retrospectively. Intervention: Review of clinical records. Main Outcome Measures: Symptoms, refractive outcome, and assessment of avoidable factors contributing to the complication. Results: Patients were analyzed in four groups: group 1, scarring with ectasia; group 2, unrecognized keratoconus; group 3, flap related LASIK complications; and group 4, multiple retreatments. The 8 eyes with scarring and ectasia presented with the worst vision, 20/400 uncorrected visual acuity and 20/200 best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, with avoidable factors considered as high or difficult prescriptions with multiple retreatments. Four eyes in two patients with possible forme fruste keratoconus showed worsening irregular astigmatism. Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis flap complications included six eyes with partial laser treatment under an incomplete flap with subsequent severe irregular astigmatism. Six eyes in three patients who had undergone an average of three multiple retreatments showed decreased vision with irregular astigmatism. Conclusions: Certain severe complications of laser refractive surgery likely can be avoided by using caution when treating high prescriptions, particularly with retreatments, recognizing early keratoconus and avoiding laser treatment under a partial flap in LASIK. (C) 2000 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.Publication Metadata only Topical Ciprofloxacin for Bacterial Corneal Ulcer(2000-07-01) Panida Kosrirukvongs; Wipawee Buranapongs; Mahidol UniversityObjective : To assess topical ciprofloxacin in patients with moderate severity of suspected bacterial corneal ulcers. Study Design : Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Setting : Inpatient at Siriraj Hospital. Participants : All patients with suspected corneal ulcers. Patients with fungal cause known before admission and an allergy to any medication, were excluded. Intervention : Topical ciprofloxacin 0.3 per cent or cefazolin (50 mg/ml) and fortified gentamicin (14 mg/ml) were given every 15 minutes for the first 6 hours, then every half hour on the first day, and every hour while awake till midnight until complete recovery without staining of fluorescein and no culture growth. Main Outcome Measures : The primary outcomes were the success rate and duration of the healing of the ulcer after treatment in each group. Results : Forty-one patients were enrolled. Twelve (70.6%) of 17 patients in the ciprofloxacin group were therapeutically successful while 15 (62.5%) of 24 patients in the control group showed similar outcome without a statistically significant difference. However, the mean duration for healing after treatment was not significantly different being 14.6 days in the control group and 15.6 days in the ciprofloxacin group. Visual improvement in the success cases of the control and ciprofloxacin groups was 46.7 per cent, and 66.7 per cent, respectively. Conclusion : Treatment with topical ciprofloxacin in suspected bacterial corneal ulcer should be considered as an alternative to standard therapy.Publication Metadata only Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a member of CHH/MIH/GIH family from Penaeus monodon and analysis of its gene structure(2000-02-01) Apinunt Udomkit; Sunthorn Chooluck; Burachai Sonthayanon; Sakol Panyim; Mahidol UniversityWe report the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of Pem-CMG peptide, a member of crustacean CHH/MIH/GIH peptide family, in black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). The 5' and 3' fragments of Pem-CMG cDNA were cloned by the method of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The two fragments constitute a combined cDNA length of 593 bp with a 77 bp overlapping region. Sequence analysis reveals the presence of a 384 bp open reading frame which was subsequently cloned. The open reading frame encodes a precursor peptide that is comprised of 128 amino acids, with a putative processing site, KR. The mature peptide consists of 74 amino acid residues, the sequence of which is significantly homologous to those of the CHH/MIH/GIH family known from other crustaceans. Analysis of a genomic fragment of Pem-CMG reveals a single intron of 314 bp interrupting the coding sequence for the mature peptide. The presence of only one intron in Pem-CMG gene suggests that this gene is structurally different from the previously reported MIH gene of Charybdis feriatus and CHH-like gene of Metapenaeus ensis which possess two introns in their coding sequences.Publication Metadata only Activation of prophenoloxidase, agglutinin and antibacterial activity in haemolymph of the black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, by immunostimulants(1999-01-01) K. Sritunyalucksana; P. Sithisarn; B. Withayachumnarnkul; T. W. Flegel; Mahidol UniversityThe in vitro effect of the microbial cell wall components peptidoglycan (PG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and laminarin (β-1,3 glucan) on the haemolymph agglutinating and antibacterial activities were investigated in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using phenoloxidase (PO) activity as a reference. The effect on these factors of 3 orally administered commercial stimulants, PENSTIM, BRM-01 and BRM-02, was also determined. The study was done using shrimp haemocyte lysate fraction (HLF). It was shown that PO, agglutinating and antibacterial activities occurred naturally in shrimp haemolymph and varied considerably amongst individuals. Concentrations of PG at 0·4% and LPS at 0·002% added to HLF gave 22-fold and 11-fold increased PO activity in vitro, respectively, over the activity of HLF alone. By contrast, addition of laminarin did not increase PO activity. Attempts to stimulate agglutinating and antibacterial activity in vitro or in vivo were unsuccessful. On the contrary, 0·002% LPS was found to have an inhibitory effect on antibacterial activity. Specifically, a lower antibacterial activity was detected in samples treated with LPS after clotting (HLF), than in those treated before clotting. This suggested that LPS was involved in mechanisms for both clotting and for antibacterial activity. No relationships were found amongst PO, agglutinin and antibacterial activities in shrimp haemolymph either naturally or by activation. © 1999 Academic Press.Publication Metadata only The use of historical and anthropometric data as risk factors for screening of low mBMD & MCI(2000-02-01) Wanna Trivitayaratana; Pichit Trivitayaratana; Kangwan Suphaya-Achin; Narong Bunyaratavej; Kamol Kotivongsa; Thanathorn Chongcharoenkamol; Mahidol UniversityTo evaluate the risk factors which affect bone loss in screening for osteoporosis, interview of anamnestic data (age, marriage status, pregnancies, menopausal age, intake of calcium, vegetables, protein and coffee, excessive use of alcohol and smoking, sedentary habits, family history), medical data, surgical data, followed by measurement of anthropometric variables [weight, height, antero-posterior (AP) thickness at xiphoid level], blood examination (calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase), both postero-anterior (PA) hands and lateral thoraco-lumbar radiography were done in 1,182 normal volunteers aged 17-83. From PA hands radiographs, metacarpal bone mineral density (mBMD) and metacarpal index (MCI) were measured by computed X-ray densitometry (CXD) (Bonalyzer, Teijin Ltd., Tokyo). The results showed that the mean of menopausal age in Thai females was 48.86 ± 3.09 years ranging from 39 to 55 years. The average number of children in their family was 2.10. Correlation among anthropometric variables, AP thickness was positive linear correlation to weight/height ratio (r=0.7878, p-value <0.005). Weight, AP thickness and body mass index (BMI) significantly increased with aging (r=0.2456, 0.4489 and 0.3484, p-value<0.005, 0.001 and <0.005), but decreased with height (r=-0.1030, p-value=0.001). Lower mBMD and MCI were associated with increased age, married female, increased pregnancies, increased AP thickness, decreased vegetable intake, increased protein intake and increased years after menopause. From a multiple regression analysis, the significant factors that can predict the MCI were years after menopause, sex, daily vegetable intake and hormonal replacement. The incidence rate of high risk of developing osteoporosis in females, no vegetable intake and no hormonal replacement subjects occurred 7.50, 2.22 and 2.63 times greater than in males, vegetable intake and hormonal replacement subjects, respectively. In postmenopausal women since 1-2, 3-5, 6-10, 11-15 and >15 years, the incidence rate were 5.24, 14.51, 17.01, 20.86 and 29.76 times greater than the rate of premenopausal women. Concerning perimenopausal women, only 2 of all factors influenced the measured mBMD and MCI. The incidence rate of high risk of developing osteoporosis in women who intake protein >30 g/d and intake medicine (corticosteroid) was 2.96 and 6.16 times greater than <30 g/d protein intake and no medicine intake subjects.Publication Metadata only Charts of thai fetal biometries: 1. Methodology(2000-12-01) Dittakarn Boriboonhirunsarn; Vittaya Titapant; Prasert Sunsaneevithayakul; Teera Siwadune; Wiboolphan Thitadilok; Pornpimol Ruangvutilert; Mahidol University; Chonburi Regional HospitalA cross-sectional study was conducted in order to construct new reference charts for Thai fetal biometries that are commonly used in obstetric ultrasound practice. We discussed and illustrated a sound appropriate study design and statistical analysis which lead to more valid results. A total of 621 normal pregnant women between 12-41 weeks of gestation and their fetuses were recruited. Each fetus was measured once at a randomly assigned gestational age specifically for the purpose of this study only. Stepwise linear regression technique was used to model the mean and its standard deviation as functions of gestational age. Goodness of fit and normality of the data were checked before the final models were chosen. Reference centiles were derived, taking into account the increasing variation as pregnancy proceeds. We demonstrated the stated technique with humerus data from the same study. Reference charts for other fetal biometries have been derived and are presented in subsequent papers.Publication Metadata only Crystallinity of omeprazole in various film polymers(2000-01-01) Narong Sarisuta; Mont Kumpugdee; Mahidol UniversityThe crystallinity of omeprazole in six film-forming polymers, Eudragit L100, shellac, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was determined. Polymer films containing omeprazole were prepared by casting and characterized using powder X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Omeprazole powder recrystallized from all solvents studied were similar to the original powder. The drug existed as the amorphous form in the five acid polymers whereas its crystalline form appeared in nonionic polymer HPMC. No evidence of a drug-polymer interaction was found. Omeprazole exists in amorphous form in polymers most commonly used in enteric film-coated formulations.Publication Metadata only Unintentional injury mortality in children: A priority for middle income countries in the advanced stage of epidemiological transition(1999-06-01) Adisak Plitponkarnpim; Ragnar Andersson; Bjarne Jansson; Leif Svanström; Karolinska Institutet; Mahidol UniversityObjectives - To examine the relationship between the magnitude, and the relative importance of unintentional child injury mortality with socioeconomic development, and to conceptualise the dynamic changes in injury mortality within the framework of epidemiological transition. Design - Ecological cross sectional study using data on 51 countries. Main outcome measures - The relationship between total mortality rates, unintentional injury mortality rates, and percentage in children 1-14 years of age with gross national product (GNP) per capita. Results - Unintentional injury mortality rates in children were negatively correlated with GNP per capita. However, by categorising the data, we found some areas of non-correlation: in children 5-14 years in low income versus lower middle income countries, and in all age and gender groups in lower high income versus higher high income countries. A high percentage of total deaths due to injuries was clearest in the lower middle income countries in all age and gender groups. Conclusions - The changes in child injury mortality in relation to socioeconomic development could be conceptualised as three stages: a stage of high magnitude; a stage of high priority; and a stage of improvement. Most middle income countries are in the high priority stage where both injury mortality rates and injury percentage of total deaths are high.Publication Metadata only Red cell selectivity in malaria: A study of multiple-infected erythrocytes(1999-01-01) Julie A. Simpson; Kamolrat Silamut; Kesinee Chotivanich; Sasithon Pukrittayakatnee; Nicholas J. White; Mahidol University; Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineTo characterize red cell susceptibility to invasion in malaria, a selectivity index (SI) was calculated as the ratio of observed number of multiple-infected red cells to that expected from a random process (Poisson distribution). In patients with falciparum malaria (n = 100) SI decreased with increasing parasitaemia (P < 0.001), and correlated inversely with plasma lactate concentrations, chosen prospectively as a measure of disease severity (r = -0.36, P < 0.001). For parasitaemias < 5%, the SI was lower in patients with severe malaria (geometric mean 1.35; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.80) than in uncomplicated malaria (2.31; 1.89-2.81; P = 0.003), despite similar parasite counts. The geometric mean (range) SI in vivax malaria (n = 20), 7.69 (1.67, 29.75), was significantly greater than that in falciparum malaria at comparable parasitaemias (≤ 2%), 2.44 (0.45, 14.05), P < 0.001, suggesting that about 13% of circulating erythrocytes were susceptible to invasion by Plasmodium vivax. This translates into susceptibility for about 2 weeks after emergence from the bone marrow, if age is the sole determinant of this process. In falciparum malaria selectivity was inversely proportional to severity; lack of selectivity could reflect either a 'favourable' host red cell phenotype, or an indiscriminate parasite population. Both are dangerous for the host.Publication Metadata only Preliminary report for the application of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification in detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Late pp67 mRNA for diagnosis of HCMV infection(2000-12-01) Somnuek Sungkanuparph; Mahidol UniversityHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) late pp67 mRNA expression by nucleic acid sequencebased amplification (NASBA) in patients, clinically diagnosed as possible HCMV, probable HCMV disease, and no disease, was evaluated. The RNAs were isolated from 11 whole-blood samples of 11 patients for the specific amplification of the pp67 mRNA. NASBA results were compared to results from PCR assay and serological assay. The HCMV pp67 mRNA could be found in 3 of 11 patients, whereas, HCMV-DNA PCR was positive in 6 of 11 patients. PCR assay for HCMV-DNA in plasma has proved to correlate with clinical diagnosis of HCMV infection. Only 2 patient samples of NASBA positive results coincided with HCMV-DNA PCR. However, the diagnosis of clinically relevant HCMV infection by NASBA was seen. Anti-CMV IgG titers of 1:1,600 or over 1:1,600 were found in 2 of 3 NASBA positve cases and 5 of 6 HCMV-DNA positive cases, whereas, anti-CMV IgM were all negative. These results showed the correlation of HCMV infection detected by NASBA, PCR assay and anti-CMV IgG of the titers up to 1:1,600. Additionally, a low antibody titer of the HIV patient could be diagnosed by NASBA or PCR. In conclusion, pp67 mRNA NASBA appears to be a promising diagnostic tool in analysis of HCMV infection and/or disease. Its diagnostic value should be defined in the specific group for the follow-up of immunocompromised patients, such as organ transplant recipients in future prospective studies.Publication Metadata only Ruby laser hair removal: Evaluation of long-term efficacy and side effects(2000-03-08) Valeria B. Campos; Christine C. Dierickx; William A. Farinelli; Tai Yuan Lin; Woraphong Manuskiatti; R. Rox Anderson; Massachusetts General Hospital; Mahidol UniversityBackground and Objective: Although several studies on laser-assisted hair removal have been published, data on long-term follow-up are few. The present study investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of normal-mode ruby laser pulses on hair removal. Study Design/Materials and Methods: The normal-mode ruby laser (Epilaser; 694 nm, 3 msec) was used to treat a wide range of body sites in 51 volunteers. The mean follow-up after the last treatment was 8.37 months. Results: Sixty-three percent of the patients had sparse regrowth. The mean fluence used was 46.5 J/cm2in patients who had sparse hair regrowth and 39.3 J/cm2in patients who had moderate hair regrowth (P = 0.0127). Transient pigmentary changes occurred most frequently in patients with skin type 4. Conclusion: The normal-mode ruby laser is an efficient and safe method for long-term hair reduction, especially in fair- skinned individuals with dark hair. Higher fluences produce greater long-term efficacy. Adverse effects are minimal and transient. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Publication Metadata only Survival of starved Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico and Thailand(1999-01-01) Adriana Costero; John D. Edman; Gary G. Clark; Pattamaporn Kittayapong; Thomas W. Scott; University of California, Davis; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention San Juan; University of Massachusetts; Mahidol UniversitySurvival of adult Aedes aegypti (L.) was studied in Thailand (1995) and Puerto Rico (1996) during periods of high and low dengue virus transmission. Resting males and females were collected inside houses by aspiration. Females were separated into different cages by their degree of engorgement and ovarian development. Teneral adults were obtained from pupae collected from natural breeding sites. All mosquitoes were given access to water, held at ambient temperature in the shade, and their survival monitored daily. We calculated median survival for each stage to estimate when mosquitoes had to feed again or die. No differences in survival between seasons were observed in Thailand. In Puerto Rico, except for wild males, survival was longer in the cool/dry season than in the hot/rainy season, indicating that mosquitoes may need to feed more frequently during the high than low dengue transmission season. During both study periods and at both sites, blood-engorged females survived as long or longer than mosquitoes in other gonotrophic or developmental stages. Except in Puerto Rico during the cool season, when females had a relatively high probability of surviving 3-4 d without feeding, females needed to feed approximately every other day to avoid death caused by starvation. Our results indicate that in some regions, there are seasonal differences in the length of time female Ae. aegypti can survive without feeding, females with a blood meal can survive for a longer time than those without blood, and teneral males can live longer without food than teneral females.Publication Metadata only Comparative clinical trial of four regimens of dihydroartemisinin- mefloquine in multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria(1999-10-18) K. Na-Bangchang; P. Tippanangkosol; R. Ubalee; S. Chaovanakawee; S. Saenglertsilapachai; Juntra Karbwang; Mahidol UniversityWe conducted a randomized, comparative trial at the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases during 1996-98 to evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of four combination regimens of dihydroartemisinin-mefloquine. 207 male patients aged 18-25 years, weighing 49.3-55.1 kg were randomized to receive a single oral dose of 300 mg dihydroartemisinin plus one or two doses of mefloquine as follows: regimen I (n = 26): 750 mg mefloquine concurrently, or regimen II (n = 22): 750 mg mefloquine 24 h later, or regimen III (n = 78): 750 and 500 mg mefloquine at 24 and 30 h, or regimen IV (n = 81): 750 and 500 mg mefloquine (at 0 and 24 h). All patients improved clinically within 24 h of initiation of treatment. The initial therapeutic response was rapid and identical in all treatment groups (median PCT vs. FCT: 36 vs. 24, 36 vs. 28, 36 vs. 26, and 34 vs. 26 h, for regimen I, II, III and IV, respectively). All combination regimens generally showed acceptable tolerability profiles. Compliance with follow-up (42 days) was achieved by 86.5% (179 cases). Recrudescent parasitaemia was significantly higher in patients treated with low-dose mefloquine combinations (regimens I, II:8/23, 9/16) than in those who received high-dose mefloquine (regimens III, IV: 2/70, 3/70). No RII or RIII type of response was observed. There were no significant differences in susceptibility to mefloquine between primary and recrudescent isolates. Dose-adjusted whole blood mefloquine concentrations were significantly higher in high-dose mefloquine regimens (III and IV). Patients who vomited within the first hour of mefloquine administration had markedly lower whole blood mefloquine concentrations than those who did not vomit.Publication Metadata only Improved shuttle vector for expression of chitinase gene in Bacillus thuringiensis(2000-09-11) M. Lertcanawanichakul; C. Wiwat; Mahidol UniversityA 6.96-kbp plasmid vector pBCX was constructed from the plasmid pBC16 (4.4 kbp) and a 2.56-kbp fragment of pBluescript II KS. The bifunctional plasmid pBCX conferred ampicillin and tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli but only tetracycline resistance in Bacillus thuringiensis. It has unique sites for BamHI, SmaI, PstI, HindIII, SalI, XhoI, DraII, ApaI and KpnI derived from pBluescript II KS and was lost at a low rate in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis when cultured in Luria-Bertani broth without antibiotic. The chitinase gene from B. circulans number 4.1 (pCHIB1) was subcloned into the HindIII sites of this vector and designated as pBX43 (9.56 kbp). This plasmid produced three times as much chitinase in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain c4Q272 as pHYB43, which comprises the commercial shuttle vector pHY300PLK plus the chitinase gene.Publication Metadata only Skeletal muscle involvement in falciparum malaria: Biochemical and ultrastructural study(1999-01-01) Timothy M.E. Davis; Emsri Pongponratan; Withal Supanaranond; Sasithorn Pukrittayakamee; Timothy Helliwell; Paul Holloway; Nicholas J. White; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine; John Radcliffe Hospital; University of Liverpool; Mahidol University; University of Western AustraliaBiochemical evidence of skeletal muscle damage is common in malaria, but rhabdomyolysis appears to be rare. To investigate the relationship between serum creatine kinase and myoglobin levels, muscle histology, and renal function in Plasmodium falciparum infections, we studied 13 patients with uncomplicated malaria, 13 with severe noncerebral malaria, and 10 with cerebral malaria. A muscle biopsy specimen was obtained from each patient for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Mean serum creatine kinase concentrations ± SD were raised but similar for the three groups (258 ± 277, 149 ± 158, and 203 ± 197 U/L, respectively; P = .5). The mean serum myoglobin level ± SD was highest in cerebral malaria (457 ± 246 vs. 170 ± 150 and 209 ± 125 ng/mL in uncomplicated and severe malaria, respectively; P < .01) and correlated with the mean serum creatinine level (r = .39 for 36 patients; P = .02). The number of intravascular parasites, proportion of mature forms, and glycogen depletion were highest in biopsy specimens from patients with cerebral malaria. Myonecrosis was not observed. Muscle appears to be an important site for P. falciparum sequestration, which could contribute to metabolic and renal complications.Publication Metadata only Dietary intake of phytate, zinc and calcium of self-selected diets of Ubon Ratchathani and Bangkok subjects, Thailand(1999-09-01) Suree Nititham; Songsak Srianujata; Thidarat Rujirawat; Mahidol UniversityThe dietaty intakes of phytate, zinc and calcium of volunteers in Ubon Ratchathani (northeast Thailand) and Bangkok metropolitan were studied. The selected subjects were 10 men and 10 women from each area. The daily diets were collected for 5 consecutive days using duplicate portion technique. The diets were blended, aliquoted, mixed, freeze-dried and homogenized. Phytate was analysed by using ion exchange coupled with colorimetric method. Zinc and calcium were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The total intakes of phytate were 1104.8 ± 965.2 and 1139.3 ± 481.1 mg/day for males and females in Ubon Ratchathani, 1304.7 ± 956.2 and 997.1 ± 435.1 mg/day for males and females in Bangkok. The zinc intakes were 20.0 ± 8.8, 12.7 ± 4.6, 7.7 ± 1.8 and 6.1 ± 1.2 mg/day for males and females in Ubon Ratchathani and for males and females in Bongkok, respectively. The calcium intakes were 524.6 ± 259.9, 379.9 ± 111.4 for males and females in Ubon Ratchathani and 366.5 ± 150.5, 286.7 ± 68.7 mg/day for males and females in Bangkok. The calculated phytate/zinc molar ratios were 7.5, 3.9 for males and females in Ubon Ratchathani and 16.2 and 17.5 for males and females in Bangkok This study indicated that subjects from Bangkok have a phytate/zinc ratio higher than those in Ubon Ratchathani and higher than 12. This may effect the availability of some micronutrients such as zinc, calcium and iron. The daily intakes of zinc and calcuim in these two groups were low compared to Thai RDA.Publication Metadata only Clofazimine-induced crystal-storing histiocytosis producing chronic abdominal pain in a leprosy patient(2000-01-01) Sanya Sukpanichnant; Narumol Srisuthapan Hargrove; Udom Kachintorn; Sathaporn Manatsathit; Thawee Chanchairujira; Noppadol Siritanaratkul; Thawatchai Akaraviputh; Kleophant Thakerngpol; Mahidol UniversityClofazimine-induced crystal-storing histiocytosis is a rare but well- recognized condition in the literature. Besides the common reddish discoloration of the skin, clofazimine produces gastrointestinal disturbances - sometimes severe abdominal pain, prompting exploratory laparotomy, because pathologic and radiologic findings can produce diagnostic difficulties if the pathologic changes caused by clofazimine are not recognized. The authors report such a case in a leprosy patient to emphasize the importance of history taking, the radiologic abnormalities of the small intestine, and the pathologic findings in small intestine and lymph node biopsies. Clofazimine crystals are red in the frozen section and exhibit bright-red birefringence. However, they are clear in routinely processed histologic sections because they dissolve in alcohol and organic solvents. They also appear as clear crystal spaces during electron microscopic study, but some osmiophilic bodies can be observed. Histiocytosis caused by clofazimine crystals produces infiltrative lesions in radiologic studies mimicking malignant lymphoma or other infiltrative disorders. Associated plasmacytosis in the histologic sections can simulate lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or multiple myeloma with crystal-storing histiocytosis. With the knowledge of this rare condition caused by clofazimine, appropriate management to avoid an unnecessary laparotomy is possible.Publication Metadata only Population structure and population history of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in Southeast Asia(2000-01-01) Catherine Walton; Jane M. Handley; Willoughby Tun-Lin; Frank H. Collins; Ralph E. Harbach; Visut Baimai; Roger K. Butlin; University of Leeds; Ministry of Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; The Natural History Museum, London; Mahidol UniversitySeparating the confounding effects of long-term population history from gene flow can be difficult. Here, we address the question of what inferences about gene flow can be made from mitochondrial sequence data in three closely related species of mosquitoes, Anopheles dirus species A, C, and D, from Southeast Asia. A total of 84 sequences of 923 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene were obtained from 14 populations in Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. The genealogy of sequences obtained from two populations of An. dirus C indicates no contemporary gene flow between them. The F(ST) value of 0.421 therefore probably represents a recent common history, perhaps involving colonization events. Anopheles dirus A and D are parapatric, yet no differentiation was seen either within or between species. The starlike genealogy of their haplotypes, smooth unimodal mismatch distributions, and excess of low frequency mutations indicate population expansion in An. dirus A and D. This, rather than widespread gene flow, explains their low within-species F(ST) values (0.018 and 0.022). The greater genetic diversity of An. dirus D suggests that expansion occurred first in species D arid subsequently in species A. The current geographical separation and low hybrid fitness of these species also argue against ongoing interspecific gene flow. They suggest instead either historical introgression of mtDNA from An. dirus D into species A followed by independent range expansions, or a selective sweep of mtDNA that originated in An. dirus D. While not excluding contemporary gene flow, historical population processes are sufficient to explain the data in An. dirus A and D. The genealogical relationships between haplotypes could not be used to make inferences of gene flow because of extensive homoplasy due to hypervariable sites and possibly also recombination. However, it is concluded that this approach, rather than the use of fixation indices, is required in the future to understand contemporary gene flow in these mosquitoes. The implications of these results for understanding gene flow in another important and comparable group of malaria vector mosquitoes in Africa, the An. gambiae complex, are also discussed.Publication Metadata only The treatment of chronic rejection with mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in kidney transplantation(2000-12-23) S. Jirasiritham; V. Sumethkul; V. Mavichak; P. Chalermsanyakorn; Mahidol University; 52/746 Mubany Muang Ake