In vitro antimicrobial effects of mangosteen extract on peri-implantitis microflora in craniofacial implants.

Abstract

Introduction: Craniofacial implants has enabled restoration of congenital and acquired facial defects. However, peri-implantitis of the skin-abutment interface is a common drawback following implant placement. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial effects of mangosteen pericarp extract on peri-implantitis microflora found around craniofacial implants. Material and Methods: The mangosteen pericarp extract was tested against peri-implantitis microflora reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, Candida albicans ATCC10231 and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida parapsilosis by disk diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum cidal concentrations (MCC) were determined using modified agar dilution millipore method. The extract was further combined with a 50:50 mixture of polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol to form a paste and tested for antimicrobial effects. Results: Mangosteen extract showed inhibitory effects with reference strain of S. aureus at MIC and MCC at 1.25 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL and clinical strain at 2.5 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL respectively. On the contrary, it showed minimal or no reactivity against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The combination of the extract with polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol also showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on S. aureus. Conclusion: Mangosteen extract had potential antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, which can be further studied and developed, to be used in the treatment of microorganism induced infection of skin-abutment interface of craniofacial implants.