Transforming health in Nepal: a historical and contemporary review on disease burden, health system challenges, and innovations
4
Issued Date
2025-12-01
Resource Type
eISSN
14784505
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105005526141
Journal Title
Health Research Policy and Systems
Volume
23
Issue
1
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Health Research Policy and Systems Vol.23 No.1 (2025)
Suggested Citation
Mishra S.R., Ghimire K., Khanal V., Aryal D., Shrestha B., Khanal P., Yadav S., Sharma V., Khatri R., Schwarz D., Adhikari B. Transforming health in Nepal: a historical and contemporary review on disease burden, health system challenges, and innovations. Health Research Policy and Systems Vol.23 No.1 (2025). doi:10.1186/s12961-025-01321-z Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/110382
Title
Transforming health in Nepal: a historical and contemporary review on disease burden, health system challenges, and innovations
Author's Affiliation
Indiana University Indianapolis
Nepal Development Society
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
The University of Queensland
Universitetet i Bergen
Menzies School of Health Research
The University of Sydney
Western Sydney University
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Nuffield Department of Medicine
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Management Sciences for Health
Pennsylvania State University
Center for Research on Education Health and Social Science (CREHSS)
Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation
Health Social Science and Development Research Institute
Nepal Development Society
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
The University of Queensland
Universitetet i Bergen
Menzies School of Health Research
The University of Sydney
Western Sydney University
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Nuffield Department of Medicine
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Management Sciences for Health
Pennsylvania State University
Center for Research on Education Health and Social Science (CREHSS)
Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation
Health Social Science and Development Research Institute
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Introduction: Nepal witnessed a tumultuous journey over past two centuries, marked by significant political, social, and cultural shifts. From fighting British colonial encroachments in 1800s, the dynastic Rana regime (1846–1951), and democracy movements in the late 1950s, 1990s and 2000s, Nepal became a federal republic in 2008. The main objective of this review is to lay out an interpretative summary on Nepal’s epidemiological transition (includes general trends and disease specific topics) followed by discussion on health system development over key periods: historical period (–1950s), modern period (1950–1990), post-democracy (1991–2016), and post-federalization (2016–). Methods: We conducted a scoping review of available literature using the Arksey and O’Malley framework to synthesize the key insights. Searches were performed in PubMed (via NLM), Embase and Google Scholar using a combination of search terms related to Nepal’s health system, epidemiological transition, disease burden and emerging health issues. A total of 1204 records were identified, of which 123 documents – including peer-reviewed articles, government reports and grey literature – met the inclusion criteria. Results: Major advances in maternal and child health, nutritional health and reduction of infectious diseases have been observed in recent decades. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) declined by 55% (1996–2016), and neonatal mortality halved (40 to 20 per 1000 live births) due to improved antenatal care, skilled birth attendance and family planning. Stunting rates fell from 66% (1996) to 25% (2022), yet rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose new challenges. Communicable diseases, once dominant, have declined owing to expanded immunization and tuberculosis control. However, NCDs now account for over two thirds of deaths, driven by urbanization, ageing and lifestyle shifts. Health system gaps persist, with workforce shortages, rural–urban disparities and out-of-pocket health costs limiting access. Addressing rising health inequities, digital health innovations and service expansion is critical to achieving universal health coverage and sustaining Nepal’s health gains. Conclusions: Nepal’s health care landscape has continuously evolved over the past centuries, coinciding with key demographic and political changes. Advances through innovation are necessary for the country’s overstretched health system to reduce the cost of health services whilst increasing quality and access.