Recovery and long-term health outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a prospective cohort in an urban setting, Kenya
Issued Date
2025-01-01
Resource Type
eISSN
16549880
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105006981971
Journal Title
Global Health Action
Volume
18
Issue
1
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Global Health Action Vol.18 No.1 (2025)
Suggested Citation
Kisiangani I., Jornada Ben Â., Wynberg E., Wami W., Iddi S., Kinya I., Vassall A., Kyobutungi C., Ziraba A., Njeru J., Mugenda O., Kiguoya M.W., Kimondo M., Githua G., de Jong M.D., Mohamed S.F., Asiki G., Schultsz C. Recovery and long-term health outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a prospective cohort in an urban setting, Kenya. Global Health Action Vol.18 No.1 (2025). doi:10.1080/16549716.2025.2500795 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/110598
Title
Recovery and long-term health outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a prospective cohort in an urban setting, Kenya
Author's Affiliation
Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
African Population and Health Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute
Kenyatta University
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
African Population and Health Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute
Kenyatta University
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Background: Evidence on long COVID remains limited in sub-Saharan countries. Objective: This study explored the occurrence of COVID-19-related symptoms and factors affecting recovery and long COVID severity in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: A prospective cohort of individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 between February 2022 and February 2023 was followed until June 2023. COVID-19-related symptoms were assessed every three months. Time to recovery was analyzed using survival analysis, while factors affecting recovery factors and long COVID severity using Cox proportional hazard and Poisson regression, respectively. Results: Among 291 participants (median age 34, 59.1% female), 42 (14%) had severe/critical infection. At 6 and 12 months post-positive PCR, 53.1% and 33.5% had ≥ 1 COVID-19-related symptoms, respectively. Fatigue (40.2%), pain (36.8%), sore throat (36.8%), headaches (36.4%), and loss of strength (31.6%) were most common. Median time to recovery was longer for severe/critical cases than mild/moderate (234 vs 206 days, p = 0.016). Participants aged 40–64 years experienced slower recovery than those aged < 40 years (aHR = 0.635 [95%CI, 0.429;0.941]). Participants with tertiary education recovered faster than those with primary education (aHR = 1.869 [95%CI, 1.050;3.327]). Long COVID severity was associated with female sex (aIRR = 1.418 [95%CI; 1.078;1.864]), tertiary education (aIRR, 0.489 [95%CI, 0.415;0.576]), and ≥ 1 comorbidity (aIRR = 2.415 [95%CI, 1.639;3.559]). Conclusions: Six months post-infection, half had lingering symptoms, with a third still affected after a year. Recovery was faster in younger, educated individuals, while severe long COVID was more common in women, those with low education and pre-existing conditions. The burden of long COVID in Kenya requires support for vulnerable groups.