Mortality of Gastrointestinal Cancers Attributable to Smoking, Alcohol, and Metabolic Risk Factors, and its Association With Socioeconomic Development Status 2000-2021
Issued Date
2025-01-01
Resource Type
ISSN
00029343
eISSN
15557162
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85219140548
Pubmed ID
39778787
Journal Title
American Journal of Medicine
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
American Journal of Medicine (2025)
Suggested Citation
Danpanichkul P., Suparan K., Pang Y., Auttapracha T., Tham E.K.J., Srisurapanont K., Uawithya E., Worapongpaiboon R., Attachaipanich T., Lim R.Y.Z., Noureddin M., Singal A.G., Liangpunsakul S., Wallace M.B., Yang J.D., Wijarnpreecha K. Mortality of Gastrointestinal Cancers Attributable to Smoking, Alcohol, and Metabolic Risk Factors, and its Association With Socioeconomic Development Status 2000-2021. American Journal of Medicine (2025). doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.12.019 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/105597
Title
Mortality of Gastrointestinal Cancers Attributable to Smoking, Alcohol, and Metabolic Risk Factors, and its Association With Socioeconomic Development Status 2000-2021
Author's Affiliation
Siriraj Hospital
Richard L. Roudebush VAMC
TTUHSC School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
UT Southwestern Medical Center
NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
Indiana University School of Medicine
UMKC School of Medicine
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Houston Methodist Hospital
University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix
Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix
Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University
Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida
National Immunological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi
Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities
Richard L. Roudebush VAMC
TTUHSC School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
UT Southwestern Medical Center
NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
Indiana University School of Medicine
UMKC School of Medicine
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Houston Methodist Hospital
University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix
Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix
Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University
Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida
National Immunological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi
Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Objective: Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers account for one-third of global cancer mortality, with nearly half being preventable. This study updates the global burden of GI cancers attributed to major risk factors. Methods: We utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 to examine trends in death and age-standardized death rates related to GI cancers caused by smoking, alcohol, high body mass index (BMI), and high fasting blood glucose (FBG) from 2000 to 2021. Trends were analyzed based on countries' developmental status using a sociodemographic index (SDI). Results: In 2021, there were 1.12 million GI cancer deaths related to smoking, alcohol, high BMI, and high FBG, which was 53.6% higher than in 2000. The largest proportion of GI cancer mortality was attributed to smoking (43.3%), followed by alcohol (20.6%), high FBG (20.5%), and high BMI (15.6%). The increases in GI cancer deaths between 2000 and 2021 were related to high BMI (+102.54%) and FBG (+107.69%), particularly in liver and pancreatic cancer. In 2021, GI cancer mortality in low, low-middle, and middle SDI countries represented 44.3% of the global GI cancer mortality attributed to smoking, 41.9% for alcohol, 34.3% for high BMI, and 31.6% for high FBG. Since 2000, these proportions have increased by +4.5% for smoking, +7.6% for alcohol, + 12.3% for high BMI, and +6.4% for high FBG. Conclusion: From 2000 to 2021, GI cancer mortality increased substantially, driven primarily by obesity and alcohol. Lower SDI countries are increasingly contributing to the global GI cancer burden.