Phytobiotics in Aquaculture: Evolution, Innovations, and Sustainability Pathways

Abstract

Phytobiotics, plant-derived bioactive compounds such as essential oils, extracts, and phytochemicals, are gaining recognition as sustainable alternatives to synthetic additives and antibiotics in aquaculture. This chapter explores the historical roots, functional mechanisms, and modern innovations in the application of phytobiotics for enhancing health, growth, immunity, and sustainability in aquatic animals. Drawing on both traditional knowledge and contemporary scientific research, it highlights the diverse sources and phytochemical profiles of commonly used herbs, spices, and algae, while emphasizing their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory roles. Technological advancements, including nanoformulation, microencapsulation, and synergistic blending with probiotics, have improved their stability and efficacy in aquafeeds. The chapter also addresses the economic, ecological, and One Health benefits of phytobiotics, and outlines challenges such as standardization, regulatory gaps, and variability in efficacy. Looking ahead, phytobiotics are poised to play a transformative role in sustainable aquaculture by enhancing animal welfare, reducing antibiotic reliance, and contributing to food security and environmental protection.