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Publication Open Access Prognostic factors of all-cause mortalities in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a cohort study(2013) Phisitt Vejakama; Ammarin Thakkinstian; Atiporn Ingsathit; Prateep Dhanakijcharoen; Attia, John; Mahidol University. Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital. Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatisticsthe cutoffs of tKt/V, rKt/V and tCrcl. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression models with time varying covariates were applied to estimate overall death rate, probability of death and prognosis, respectively. Results: The cutoffs of rKt/V and tKt/V were 0.25 and 1Publication Open Access Construction of Bordetella pertussis strains with enhanced production of genetically-inactivated Pertussis Toxin and Pertactin by unmarked allelic exchange(2012) Wasin Buasri; Attawut Impoolsup; Chuenchit Boonchird; Anocha Luengchaichawange; Pannipa Prompiboon; Petre, Jean; Watanalai Panbangred; Mahidol University. Faculty of Science. Department of Biotechnologyenhanced levels of both rPT and PRN. Results: Three recombinant strains of Bordetella pertussis were obtained by homologous recombination using an allelic exchange vector, pSS4245. In the first construct, the segment encoding PT subunit S1 was replacedPublication Open Access Waste water minimization: Utilization of rubber latex residue and swine dung as fertilizer for Para rubber seedling growth(2012-06) Thanya Uttraporn; Saranya Sucharitaku; Gritsanaruck Theeraraj; Chumporn Yuwaree; Charlie Navanugraha; Rungjarat Hutacharoen; Rungjarat Hutacharoen; Mahidol University. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resource StudiesCentrifuged residue of concentrated latex production is the by-product or waste of latex processing of the Hevea tree (Heveabrasiliensis). The 10-15% residue of fresh latex causes waste disposal cost and environmental problems for factories. Because this residue contains some nutrients (N, P, K) in available forms, it can potentially enhance para-rubber tree growth. However, this centrifuged residue (CR) has some small rubber pieces mixed within that needs to be blended to prevent soil problems. The waste of swine dung or manure (SD) has similar problems on farms. This waste contains some essential plant nutrients, but it requires a period of time for microorganisms to decompose into the available compounds for plant growth. Thus, the blended fertilizer of latex residue with swine dung can potentially act as a preferable blended fertilizer because the nutrients from both wastes can enhance the plant growth from the initial stage. The aim of this study was to study the feasibility and effectiveness of the blended fertilizer at consideration ratio of 1:1 (CR and SD) alone and at nutrient adjustment to equal to chemical fertilizer usage for Hevea tree as a study case. We found that the blended fertilizer was feasible for para rubber seedlings, from the view point of growth enhancement, soil properties and water leachates.Publication Open Access Malaria community health workers in Myanmar: a cost analysis(2016) Shwe Sin Kyaw; Drake, Tom; Aung Thi; Myat Phone Kyaw; Thaung Hlaing; Smithuis, Frank M.; White, Lisa J.; Lubell, Yoel; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBackground: Myanmar has the highest malaria incidence and attributed mortality in South East Asia with limited healthcare infrastructure to manage this burden. Establishing malaria Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes is one possible strategy to improve access to malaria diagnosis and treatment, particularly in remote areas. Despite considerable donor support for implementing CHW programmes in Myanmar, the cost implications are not well understood. Methods: An ingredients based micro-costing approach was used to develop a model of the annual implementation cost of malaria CHWs in Myanmar. A cost model was constructed based on activity centres comprising of training, patient malaria services, monitoring and supervision, programme management, overheads and incentives. The model takes a provider perspective. Financial data on CHWs programmes were obtained from the 2013 financial reports of the Three Millennium Development Goal fund implementing partners that have been working on malaria control and elimination in Myanmar. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were undertaken to outline parameter uncertainty and explore changes to programme cost for key assumptions. Results: The range of total annual costs for the support of one CHW was US$ 966–2486. The largest driver of CHW cost was monitoring and supervision (31–60 % of annual CHW cost). Other important determinants of cost included programme management (15–28 % of annual CHW cost) and patient services (6–12 % of annual CHW cost). Within patient services, malaria rapid diagnostic tests are the major contributor to cost (64 % of patient service costs). Conclusion: The annual cost of a malaria CHW in Myanmar varies considerably depending on the context and the design of the programme, in particular remoteness and the approach to monitoring and evaluation. The estimates provide information to policy makers and CHW programme planners in Myanmar as well as supporting economic evaluations of their cost-effectiveness.Publication Open Access Soil physicochemical status and nutrient management for paddy soils in the lower central plain of Thailand after the flood disaster in 2011(2014-06) Benjaporn Intorpetch; Worachart Wisawapipat; Chumlong Arunlertaree; Piyakarn Teartisup; Mahidol University. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resource StudiesThe soil fertility status were evaluated for 29 paddy soils in Phra Nakhon, Si Ayutthaya and Pathum Thani provinces, Thailand that had been affected by the flood disaster in 2011. The chemical fertility status of the soils in the flood affected areas was medium, which is relatively superior to the pre-flood condition. The available potassium in most soils was slightly larger (mean = 220 mg kg-1) than the values previously reported on these soils (mean = 188 mg kg-1). However, mean values of available phosphorus for most soils were rather small (7.5 mg kg-1), indicating a loss of phosphorus fertility and those farmers in the flood affected areas needed to apply additional phosphorus fertilizer in order to achieve satisfactory crop yields. Liming should also be used to minimize potential Al/metals toxicity and correct imbalances of plant nutrients. Several plant nutrients (NPK) and organic materials need to be regularly applied to maintain soil fertility levels at optimum values.Publication Open Access Cross-cultural Learning and International Collaboration: Evaluation of a Study Tour to Thailand(2012) Jacqui Allen; ยาใจ สิทธิมงคล; Yajai Sitthimongkol; Bridie Kent; อรวมน ศรียุกตศุทธ; Aurawamon Sriyuktasuth; รัชนี ศุจิจันทรรัตน์; Rachanee Sujijantararat; Barbara Green; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. คณะพยาบาลศาสตร์; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. คณะพยาบาลศาสตร์. ภาควิชาการพยาบาลอายุรศาสตร์for intercultural exchange among nursing students. Nurses require excellent skillsin cross-cultural nursing and relating to meet the future global challenges to health care over the nextmillennium.Publication Open Access ผลของท่านั่งและท่ายกขาสูง 45 องศา ในระยะฟื้นตัวจากการออกกำลังกายอย่างหนักแบบเป็นช่วงที่มีต่อระบบไหลเวียนโลหิต, ระบบระบายอากาศ และ ระบบเผาผลาญพลังงาน(2011) หฤทัย เพ็ชรวิเศษ; เมตตา ปิ่นทอง; รุ่งชัย ชวนไชยะกูล; Haruthai Petviset; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. วิทยาลัยวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยีการกีฬาthen performed two experimental trials separated by at least 1 week. Minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (BF), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), rate pressure product (RPP...) and heart rate (HR) were monitored via a portable metabolic test system (Oxycon Mobile, Germany) and telemetry heart rate monitor (Polar, Finland). VE, VT, BF, VO2, VCO2, RER, HR, and arterial blood pressure variables at baseline rest and during exercisePublication Open Access A cost-utility analysis of drug treatments in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B in Thailand(2014) Narisa Tantai; Usa Chaikledkaew; Tawesak Tanwandee; Pitsaphun Werayingyong; Yot Teerawattananon; Mahidol University. Faculty of Pharmacy. Social and Administrative Pharmacy Excellence Research (SAPER) Unit; Mahidol University. Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. Department of Pharmacy; Mahidol University. Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. Division of GastroenterologyBackground: Only lamivudine has been included for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the National List of Essential Drugs (NLED), a pharmaceutical reimbursement list in Thailand. There have also been no economic evaluation studies of CHB drug treatments conducted in Thailand yet. In order to fill this gap in policy research, the objective of this study was to compare the cost-utility of each drug therapy (Figure 1) with palliative care in patients with HBeAg-positive CHB. Methods: A cost-utility analysis using an economic evaluation model was performed to compare each drug treatment for HBeAg-positive CHB patients. A Markov model was used to estimate the relevant costs and health outcomes during a lifetime horizon based on a societal perspective. Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs were included, and health outcomes were denoted in life years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The results were presented as an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) in Thai baht (THB) per LY or QALY gained. One-way sensitivity and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were applied to investigate the effects of model parameter uncertainties. Results: The ICER values of providing generic lamivudine with the addition of tenofovir when drug resistance occurred, generic lamivudine with the addition of tenofovir based on the road map guideline, and tenofovir monotherapy were -14,000 (USD -467), -8,000 (USD -267) , and -5,000 (USD -167) THB per QALY gained, respectively. However, when taking into account all parameter uncertainties in the model, providing generic lamivudine with the addition of tenofovir when drug resistance occurred (78% and 75%) and tenofovir monotherapy (18% and 24%) would yield higher probabilities of being cost-effective at the societal willingness to pay thresholds of 100,000 (USD 3,333) and 300,000 (USD 10,000) THB per QALY gained in Thailand, respectively. Conclusions: Based on the policy recommendations from this study, the Thai government decided to include tenofovir into the NLED in addition to generic lamivudine which is already on the list. Moreover, the results have shown that the preferred treatment regimen involves using generic lamivudine as the first-line drug with tenofovir added if drug resistance occurs in HBeAg-positive CHB patients.Publication Open Access Rapid Assessment and Response: The Context of HIV/AIDS and Adolescents in Bangkok(2011) Nantiya Watthayu; นันทิยา วัฒายุ; Jennifer Wenzel; Ratree Sirisreetreeru; ราตรี ศิริศรีตรีรักษ์; Chayathit Sangprasert; ชายาทิต แสงประเสริฐ; Nuntiga Wisettanakorn; นันทิกา วิเศษธนากร; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. คณะพยาบาลศาสตร์. ภาควิชาการพยาบาลสาธารณสุขศาสตร์; Johns Hopkins University. School of Nursing. Department of Acute & Chronic Care; กระทรวงสาธารณสุข. กรมควบคุมโรค; สำนักอนามัยกรุงเทพมหานคร. ศูนย์บริการสาธารณสุข 26risk of early, unprotected sex. Observed high risk behaviors included: unsafe sex, sex exchanges (for example, for drugs and money), substance abuse, and drug-dealing. There were also strong links between alcohol consumption and unprotected sexualPublication Open Access The estimation of Carbon storages in various growth stages of sugarcane in Si Sat Chanalai District, Sukhothai Province, Thailand(2009-12) Wachirawan Watcharapirak; Sura Pattanakiat; Charlie Navanugraha; Mahidol University. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resource StudiesThe objectives of this research was to estimate carbon storage in sugarcane plantation in Si satchanalai district, Sukhothai province in one crop yield. The various growth stages of sugarcane were studied at aboveground and belowground. In addition, carbon storage in soil was studied in upper soil horizon. The carbon storage of the sugarcane plantation was analyzed both in plant and soil. The carbon storage in plant was estimated from biomass and organic carbon percentage in each part of the plant (leaves, stems roots and ground cover). The estimation of carbon content in each part of the plant was done by oven drying at 85°C until it was at constant weight. The percentage of organic carbon in plants was estimated by Titration method. Soil carbon contents were estimated at the upper soil horizon by Walkley and Black method.The results showed that the carbon storage in the tillering stage was 4,214.09 kg/rai, the carbon contents of sugarcane trees was 357.56 kg/rai, ground surface was 40.43 kg/rai and in upper soil horizon was 3,816.10 kg/rai. In the stalk elongation stage the results showed that the carbon storage in one crop yield was 7,648.37 kg/rai, the carbon contents in sugarcane trees was 702.38 kg/rai, ground surface was 50.43 kg/rai and in upper soil horizon was 6,895.55 kg/rai. In the maturity & ripening stage, the results showed that the carbon storage in one crop yield was 8,653.46 kg/rai, the carbon contents in sugarcane trees was 1,737.92 kg/rai, ground surface was 86.30 kg/rai and in upper soil horizon was 7,193.24 kg/rai. However, it was found that the carbon storage content of a sugarcane plantation in one crop yield consists of the carbon storage in sugarcanes and the organic carbon deposit in the soil was increased when the sugarcane trees grew.