Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities
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Item Metadata only 20 คำถามสำคัญของปรัชญา(2555) ปกรณ์ สิงห์สุริยา; Simon Blackburn; ปกรณ์ สิงห์สุริยา; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. คณะสังคมศาสตร์และมนุษยศาสตร์Publication Open Access An Examining Progress in Research: Cost-effectiveness of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Using the Markov Model(2024) Mayuree YotawutThis article reviews three-volume collection of previously published articles on cost-effectiveness in cardiovascular disease prevention. Firstly, cost–effectiveness analysis of genetic screening for the Taq1B polymorphism in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is conducted. Secondly, a “polypill” aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease could prove highly cost-effective for use in Latin America, and lastly, the cost-effectiveness of intensive atorvastatin therapy in secondary cardiovascular prevention in the United Kingdom, Spain, and Germany is assessed, based on the Treating to New Targets study. All three articles in this paper demonstrate how the Markov model can control strategy in terms of cost savings and increase the mean of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Moreover, the Markov model can be used to demonstrate how healthcare systems can control the cost-effectiveness of drug use in terms of cardiovascular disease related to health benefits, costs, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). In conclusion, employing the Markov model through other interventions, especially in the case of health benefits, cost savings, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) is the main recommendation of this article.Publication Open Access Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle against World Poverty(2015) Buraskorn Torut; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThe book is written by Muhammad Yunus, winner of the Nobel peace prize for efforts through Grameen Bank in creating economic and social development for the poor. The book narrates the author’s biography and success stories of Grameen Bank, an institution that provides micro-lending to the poor starting in Bangladesh. The book explains the reason for initiating, process, obstacles, and success for operating Grameen Bank. The book also mentioned the application of Grameen Bank in both developing and developed countriesPublication Open Access Book Review: An Introduction to the Policy Process (5th Edition, 2020) By Thomas A. Birkland(2022) Dhanakorn Mulaphong; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesAn Introduction to the Policy Process by Professor Thomas A.Birkland(Professor of Public Policy at North Carolina State University) hasbeen a public policy classroom staple for two decades. This fifth edition of the book includes 11 chapters and offers the reader thebreath of recent policy process scholarshipand the depth ofnew case studies of real-worldevidencethat will serve as an expeditiousand brief guide to understanding the policy process.Publication Open Access Book Review: The Public Policy Theory Primer (3rd Edition, 2017) By Kevin B. Smith and Christopher Larimer(2021) Dhanakorn Mulaphong; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThe Public Policy Theory Primer is one of the essential must-read books for public policy and public administration students. An interesting feature of the book is that it introduces the reader to the essential concepts of public policy and sets out an important agenda for the future of policy studies. In this book, Professors Kevin B. Smith (University of Nebraska-Lincoln) and Christopher Larimer (University of Northern Iowa) divide the area of public policy studies into 7 dimensions: (1) relationships between policy and politics; policy process, or how governments create policies? (3) policy analysis, or analyzing problems and offering options; (4) policy evaluation, or assessing programs; (5) policy design, or how do policies distribute power and why? (6) relationships between policymakers and policymaking institutions; and (7) policy implementation, or how was a policy decision translated into action?Publication Metadata only Buddhism and Thai society: The Ratanakosin period.(2549-11) Wariya Chinwanno; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. Department of Humanities.Publication Open Access Challenges and Future Tendencies in Thailand’s National Education System(2024) Wichai SiriteerawasuInnovation and technological advancements (e.g., Industry Revolution 5.0, Society 5.0, and Education 5.0) are currently progressing at an extreme rate and scale. These lead to a huge transformation in the educational system worldwide. The educational system of Thailand has been impacted by these advancements as well. However, research investigating the impacts of these advancements on Thailand’s educational system is still scarce. Because of this rationale, this research study was conducted and utilized a qualitative documentary research method to examine the notions of the Industry Revolution 5.0, Society 5.0, and Education 5.0 and their impacts on Thailand’s educational system. The data used in this research were collected from several sources and analyzed using a content analysis. The research findings indicated that it is important for educational institutions in Thailand to grasp the opportunities of these advancements by educating and training current and new generations of educators and students to be competent and cultivating them to be true global citizens. The finding of this research will help educational institutions and stakeholders in formulating policies and plans regarding the development of educational system at the institutional and national levels.Publication Open Access Challenges in the provision of healthcare services for migrants: a systematic review through providers’ lens(2015) Rapeepong Suphanchaimat; Kanang Kantamaturapoj; Weerasak Putthasri; Phusit Prakongsai; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. Department of Social SciencesBackground: In recent years, cross-border migration has gained significant attention in high-level policy dialogues in numerous countries. While there exists some literature describing the health status of migrants, and exploring migrants’ perceptions of service utilisation in receiving countries, there is still little evidence that examines the issue of health services for migrants through the lens of providers. This study therefore aims to systematically review the latest literature, which investigated perceptions and attitudes of healthcare providers in managing care for migrants, as well as examining the challenges and barriers faced in their practices. Methods: A systematic review was performed by gathering evidence from three main online databases: Medline, Embase and Scopus, plus a purposive search from the World Health Organization’s website and grey literature sources. The articles, published in English since 2000, were reviewed according to the following topics: (1) how healthcare providers interacted with individual migrant patients, (2) how workplace factors shaped services for migrants, and (3) how the external environment, specifically laws and professional norms influenced their practices. Key message of the articles were analysed by thematic analysis. Results: Thirty seven articles were recruited for the final review. Key findings of the selected articles were synthesised and presented in the data extraction form. Quality of retrieved articles varied substantially. Almost all the selected articles had congruent findings regarding language andcultural challenges, and a lack of knowledge of a host country's health system amongst migrant patients. Most respondents expressed concerns over in-house constraints resulting from heavy workloads and the inadequacy of human resources. Professional norms strongly influenced the behaviours and attitudes of healthcare providers despite conflicting with laws that limited right to health services access for illegal migrants. Discussion: The perceptions, attitudes and practices of practitioners in the provision of healthcare services for migrants were mainly influenced by: (1) diverse cultural beliefs and language differences, (2) limited institutional capacity, in terms of time and/or resource constraints, (3) the contradiction between professional ethics and laws that limited migrants’ right to health care. Nevertheless, healthcare providers addressedsuch problems by partially ignoring the immigrants’precarious legal status, and using numerous tactics, including seeking help from civil society groups, to support their clinical practice. Conclusion: It was evident that healthcare providers faced several challenges in managing care for migrants, which included not only language and cultural barriers, but also resource constraints within their workplaces, and disharmony between the law and their professional norms. Further studies, which explore health care management for migrants in countries with different health insurance models, are recommended.Publication Open Access Chinese Foreign Direct Investment and Uneven Development in Thailand: TheCase of the Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone(2022) Jitsuda Limkriengkrai; จิตรสุดา ลิมเกรียงไกร; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. Department of Social SciencesThis study examines the role of Chinese foreign direct investment in economic and social development in Thailand, focusing on the Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone. A qualitative method was used to explore the situation and construct a better understanding of the related issues and broader context of the impact of Chinese foreign direct investment on Thai development. In-depth interviews were conducted with key informants involved in Chinese investment in Thailand. The findings revealed that as a proxy of Chinese foreign direct investment in the domestic economy, the Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone has helped stimulate development by expanding industrial production and export revenue and increasing employment for the domestic population. However, its impact at deeper levels of development remains mixed. In terms of employment opportunities, most of the low- to semi-skilled positions have gone to Thais, with foreign employees retaining the most senior positions, creating uneven in economic and social growth patterns.Publication Open Access The Cities of Frankenstein: Graphic Scenarios of Looming Urban Horror(2020) Alan Marshall; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThe famous literary work Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley (1818), seems to forecast the potential future of urban life in the Modern Age which is replete with an ongoing environmental crisis. Using a theory of critique and forecast as established by the Literary Method of Urban Design, some of the core thematic lessons of Frankenstein are used as pathways to predict the character of European cities as they have developed and evolved under the stresses of ecological disaster over the near future (up to about twenty or thirty years hence). These core Frankenstein themes are as follows: 1) technological hubris, 2) alienation, 3) monstrosity, and 4) abandonment. In this paper, these themes are each overlaid with some of the many socio-environmental problems now challenging a set of fourteen sample cities (each drawn from the original Frankenstein novel) utilizing both scenario art and interpretive eco-ethical thought.Publication Open Access Cyberbullying ความหมาย และการทบทวนแนวคิด ภายใต้บริบทของสังคมไทย(2564) กฤษฎา แสงเจริญทรัพย์; วีนันท์กานต์ รุจิภักดิ์; Krisda Saengcharoensap; Veenunkarn Rujipak; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. คณะสังคมศาสตร์และมนุษยศาสตร์. ภาควิชาสังคมศาสตร์งานศึกษาครั้งนี้เป็นการศึกษาถึงความหมาย และลักษณะของการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกกันบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์ นอกจากนี้ยังเปรียบเทียบความแตกต่างระหว่างการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกกันบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์และพฤติกรรมอื่น ๆ ที่มีความคล้ายคลึงกันซึ่งมักมีการกล่าวถึงเมื่อการกลั่นแกล้งทางอินเทอร์เน็ตที่เกิดขึ้นในประเทศไทย เช่น การดูหมิ่น การหมิ่นประมาท การคุกคามทางไซเบอร์ รวมถึงคำพูดที่เป็นการแสดงความเกลียดชัง การศึกษาครั้งนี้ใช้การศึกษาจากเอกสารและการทบทวนวรรณกรรมเป็นแหล่งข้อมูลหลักในการรวบรวมข้อมูล ผลการศึกษาชี้ให้เห็นว่าคำจำกัดความของคำว่าการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกกันบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์และองค์ประกอบของการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกกันบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์ในประเทศไทยจำเป็นต้องได้รับการทบทวน เนื่องจากบริบทของสังคมไทยที่มีความแตกต่างจากประเทศอื่น ๆ โดยเฉพาะสังคมไทยเป็นสังคมที่สามารถนำคำสามัญที่พบเห็นได้ทั่วไปมาใช้ในความหมายของการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์ รวมถึงคนไทยบางส่วนยังใช้การกลั่นแกล้งรังแกกันบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์เป็นเครื่องมือในการสร้างมิตรภาพในหมู่เพื่อน นอกจากนี้งานศึกษาในครั้งนี้ยังพบความแตกต่างระหว่างการกลั่นแกล้งกันบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์กับการคุกคามบนอินเทอร์เน็ต โดยผู้ศึกษาเห็นว่าการกลั่นแกล้งรังแกผู้อื่นบนพื้นทีไซเบอร์คือการกระทำใด ๆ ก็ตามที่เกิดขึ้นบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์และนำไปสู่การทำร้ายความรู้สึกสร้างความอับอาย ความเจ็บปวด ความรู้สึกต่ำต้อยสูญเสียความมั่นใจ หรือความทุกข์ทรมานทางจิตใจของเหยื่อ ขณะที่การคุกคามทางอินเทอร์เน็ตคือการกระทำใด ๆ ที่เกิดขึ้นบนพื้นที่ไซเบอร์ละนำไปสู่ความรู้สึกหวาดกลัว รู้สึกไม่ปลอดภัย หรือสร้างความหมวดระแวงให้กับตัวผู้ที่ตกเป็นเหยื่อ ซึ่งส่งผลให้การกำหนดมาตรการในการลดหรือป้องกันปัญหาที่เกิดจากพฤติกรรมทั้งสองประเภทนี้แตกต่างกันออกไปด้วยPublication Open Access Demographic Factors and Health Care Behavior of Hypertension Disease in Thailand(2015) Sukanya Chongthawonsatid; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. Department of Social ScienceThe purpose of this study is to examine demographic factors and health care behaviors associated with hypertension disease. A retrospective study was performed to analyze data from the Health and Welfare Survey of the National Statistical Office, Thailand (2007). The sample population consisted of 31,088 individuals. Analysis of the data found that females were 1.48 times more likely to suffer from hypertension disease than males. Aging individuals, 60 years old and older, were more likely to have hypertension disease. People who live in the Northeastern and the Southern regions of Thailand were less likely to have hypertension disease in comparison with individuals who live in Bangkok metropolitan areas. Males exercise more often than females, however, males are not able to reduce or discontinue smoking at a higher level than females. Males’ reduction or discontinuation of alcohol consumption is at a lower level than females. Reduction or discontinuation of alcohol consumption of age group of 25-59 years old also is at a lower level than those 59 years old and older. People who live in the Central region have the lowest level of routine exercise, diet control, and weight reduction when compared to those in Bangkok, Northern, Southern, or Northeastern regions. People who live in the Northern region have the lowest reduction or discontinuation of smoking and consumption of alcohol in comparison with those in Bangkok, Central, Southern, and the Northeastern regions. Further research should consider the contextual differences in each region regarding health education and health promotion, especially exercise for people who live in the Central region, and the reduction or discontinuation of alcohol and smoking for those in the Northern region.Publication Metadata only Depression and anxiety were low amongst virally suppressed, long-term treated HIV-infected individuals enrolled in a public sector antiretroviral program in Thailand(2017) Wisit Prasithsirikul; Sukanya Chongthawonsatid; Pirapon June Ohata; Siriwan Keadpudsa; Virat Klinbuayaem; Patsamon Rerksirikul; Kerr, Stephen J.; Kiat Ruxrungtham; Jintanat Ananworanich; Anchalee Avihingsanon; Ministry of Public Health. Department of Disease Control. Bamrasnaradura Infectious; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities; Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre; Chiang Mai. Sanpatong Hospital; Chulalongkorn University. Faculty of Medicine. Division of Allergy and Immunology; Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchHIV/AIDS and anxiety/depression are interlinked. HIV-infected patients suffering from depression may be at risk for poor adherence which may contribute to HIV disease progression. Additionally, an HIV diagnosis and/or using certain antiretroviral agents may trigger symptoms of anxiety/depression. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression in HIV-infected patients from the Thai National HIV Treatment Program. This cross-sectional study was performed from January 2012 to December 2012 in HIV-infected out-patients, aged ≥18 years, from three HIV referral centers. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured using the Thai-validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A score of ≥11 was defined as having anxiety and depression. Associated factors were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Totally 2023 (56% males) patients were enrolled. All patients received antiretroviral therapy (ART) for a mean duration of 7.7 years. Median CD4 was 495 cells/mm3. Ninety-five percent had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml. Thirty-three percent were currently on efavirenz (EFV)-based ART. The prevalence of anxiety and depression were 4.8% and 3.1%, respectively. About 1.3% had both anxiety and depression. In multivariate logistic models, the female sex [OR = 1.6(95%CI 1.1–2.3), p = .01], having adherence <90% [OR = 2.2(95%CI 1.5–3.4), p < .001], fair/poor quality of life (QOL) [OR = 7.2 (95%CI 3.6–14.2), p < .001] and EFV exposure [OR = 1.6(95%CI 1.1–2.3), p = .01], were independently associated with having anxiety or depression. Our findings demonstrated that prevalence of depression and anxiety was low amongst virally suppressed, long-term antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected individuals. Some key characteristics such as the female sex, poor adherence, poor/fair QOL and EFV exposure are associated with anxiety and depression. These factors can be used to distinguish who would need a more in-depth evaluation for these psychiatric disorders.Publication Metadata only Development of Crime Scene Investigation in Maputo city, Mozambique(2018) Arsenio Nataniel Macamo; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. Department of Social SciencesThis study aimed at developing crime scene investigation through examination and collection of forensic evidences. Twenty-six crime investigators, having more than five years of experiences working in National Criminal Investigation Service in Maputo city, were selected as key informants. A qualitative research design, in-depth interview and observation, was conducted for collecting data. The findings revealed that the main problem was having less knowledge of forensic science in criminal investigation process of examining, collecting and labeling forensic evidences to link with the suspect, victim and crime scene, thereby giving importance to witness evidences to prove the guilt in court rather than forensic evidence that are reliable when properly interpreted. The obstacle factors found during the process of crime scene investigation were lack of modern forensic technology and budget for investigative services. Therefore, the results suggest that in order to improve forensic evidence for crime investigation, knowledge in the field of forensic sciences and budget for crime scene investigation development be provided to stablish probative value of forensic evidences in the court.Publication Open Access Ecotopia 2121: Car-freeCities of the 22nd Century(2015) Marshall, Alan; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThe long-term futures of five cities from around the planet are outlined with the use of one visual image for each city. These cities are : Abu Dhabi(UAE), Denver(USA), Sao Paulo(Brazil), San Diego(USA), and Perth(Australia). These city’s futures are presented in ‘eco-utopian’ terms in which each city studied is proffered to operate within some sort of planned (or naturally-achieved) peaceful, happy and communally-desirable setting that exists in socio-ecological harmony (that is, harmony between society, people, and the environment). The central common feature investigated for all these cities of the future are their ‘car-free’ or ‘car-less’ character. In the spirit of previous idealistic imaginings by writers and artists that have worked on formulating utopias in decades and centuries past, some explanation about how each city can get to this eco-utopian status(by the year 2121AD) is declared, along with an explanation about the social, technical, and economic background that may be present then and there.Publication Open Access Factors of Awareness, Problems and recommendations towards Conservation of Cultural heritage handicraft : a Case Study of Aranyik Knives Conservation,Pha nakhon Sri Ayutthaya Province(2019) Kessarin Tharethian; Wilasinee Anomasiri; เกศริน ธารีเทียน; วิลาศินี อโนมะศิริ; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanitie. Environmental Social Sciences,The objectives of this research are to study level of awareness, factors of awareness, problems and recommendations towards conservation of cultural heritage handicraft: a case study of Aranyik knives conservation, Pha Nakhon Sri Ayutthaya Province. Quantitative research was employed. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 355 respondents who were above 18 years old and lived in Tha Chang sub-district, Nakhon Luang District, Pha Nakhon Sri Ayutthaya Province for at least 5 years. The quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test, and one way ANOVA. The study result found that the awareness of the respondents towards Aranyik knives conservation was low. The factors significantly related to people awareness towards conservation of cultural heritage (Aranyik knives) included duration of stay (p-value = 0.05) as well as knowledge and valuation of cultural heritage (p-value = 0.01). The problems of Aranyik knives conservation included lack of inheritance to the next generation, lack of production technology, and lack of communication. This research recommends the collaboration between government agencies and local people to indicate supporting measures to conserve local cultures. The handicraft center (Aranyik knives) should be established to present origin, culture, tradition, local way of life, and local wisdom. Marketing strategies should be applied to promote the identity of local products. In additions, the activities should be set up with young generation in the community to increase awareness towards cultural heritage conservation.Publication Open Access Geographic information system for flood hazard area delineation and estimation of at-risk households at the community level: a case study of salaya sub-district, Nakhon Pathom Province(2015-07) Teeranong Sakulsri; Supavan Phlainoi; Sura Pattanakiat; Sureeporn Punpuing; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities; Mahidol University. Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social ResearchEvery year, Thailand faces flooding, the greatest natural disaster threat for the country. It is at the household level where risk outcomes first materialize. This study delineates flood-hazard areas in Salaya sub-district and provides estimates of at-risk households located in this area by using geographic information system (GIS) technology with Potential Surface Analysis (PSA) and Overlay Analysis. The analysis classifies areas into different levels of hazard, hazard zones and at-risk households. The results show that 41.6% of the sub-district is an area of “moderate” flood hazard, comprising 10.45 square kilometers. “High” flood-hazard areas account for 8.98 square kilometers (35.9%), “low” hazard areas represent 4.28 square kilometers (17%) and “very low” hazard areas account for 1.38 square kilometers (5.5%). As or the number of households in the hazard area, it was estimated that the highest percentage—1,160 households or 50%—are located in moderate flood-risk areas, followed by low flood-risk areas (560 households or 24%), high flood-risk areas (521 households or 23%), and very low flood-risk areas (70 households or 3%). All results are shown on a map of the study area with a 1:50,000 scale.Item Metadata only Health social sciences in Thailand(1991) Santhat Sermsri; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesPublication Open Access ‘Hu Hong’ (bad thing): parental perceptions of teenagers’ sexuality in urban Vietnam(2017) Lan Anh Thi Do; Pimpawun Boonmongkon; Seung Chun Paek; Guadamuz, Thomas E.; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. Department of Society and HealthBackground: Teenagers under 18 years old in Vietnam are considered as minors who usually lack the autonomy to make decisions. They are also sometimes viewed as contributors to social evils including crime, violence and substance use. Moreover, most Vietnamese teenagers have unsafe sex before marriage. The objective of this study is to explore the parental perceptions relating to their teenagers’ sexuality, particularly the social and cultural forces, that may hinder access to sexuality information. Methods: Guided by a Community Advisory Board (CAB), this qualitative study uses four focus group discussions (FGDs) consisting of 12 mothers and 12 fathers, as well as twelve individual in-depth interviews (IDIs) with a diverse sample of parents of teens in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Content and discourse analysis were conducted, based on Foucauldian concepts. Results: Four themes emerged: 1) Meanings of sexuality and sexuality education, 2) Early sexual intercourse destroys teenagers’ future, 3) Teenagers are not hu hong (spoil/bad thing), are innocent and virgin, and 4) Policing and controlling of sexual intercourse among teens. Parents did not view their teenage children as sexual beings; those who are sexual are considered hu hong. Parents believed that teens need to be policed and controlled to prevent them from becoming hu hong, particularly girls. Controlling of sexuality information by parents was therefore common in HCMC, but differed by gender and educational levels of parents. For example, fathers more than mothers were not comfortable teaching their teenage children about sex and sexuality. Parents with higher education police their teenage children’s usage of the Internet and social media, while parents with lower education control who can be friends with their teenage children. Conclusions: Vietnamese parents in general have negative views of sex and sexuality education for their teenage children. Recognizing that many Vietnamese teenagers have unsafe sex before marriage, parents need to change their perceptions and understand the importance of comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), which are included in UNESCO, UNFPA and UNICEF-developed CSE tools.Publication Metadata only “I Feed My Baby, As I Think, It is Good for My Baby”: Beliefs and Cultural Practices of Infant Feeding among HIV Positive Mothers in Mandalay, Myanmar(2018) Nay Lynn Oo; Luechai Sringernyuang; Penchan Sherer; Natthani Meemon; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesBackground: It was estimated that mother to child HIV transmission was 25% on average and there were 304,800 new child HIV infections due to vertical transmission in high HIV prevalent countries in 2010. WHO and medical professionals have recommended Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) or Exclusive Formula Feeding/ Exclusive Replacement Feeding (EFF/ERF) for HIV and infant feeding issue considering “HIV free survival” in HIV exposed babies born to HIV positive mothers. Mixed Feeding (MF) with breastfeeding, was strongly associated with increased HIV transmission to the babies while mixed feeding with formula feeding was claimed for increasing infant and under five years old children mortality and morbidity rate. But, infant mixed feeding is still composed of cultural norms, beliefs and practices. This article aimed to explore cultural beliefs and practices of infant mixed feeding practicing HIV positive mothers regarding under six months infant feedings: EFF/ERF, EBF and MF. Methods: This cross sectional qualitative study applied cultural interpretive medical anthropology. In-depth interviews with HIV positive mothers, peer counselors and medical professionals, focus group discussions with HIV positive mothers, and participant observations on HIV positive mothers’ infant feeding practices were conducted from August 2013 to early January 2014 in Mandalay, Myanmar. The data was entered and analyzed using manual data master sheet. Findings: Of 29 HIV positive mothers, 25 mothers practiced mixed feeding to their under six months babies. A total of 24 cultural infant mixed feeing patterns were found. The mothers had strong beliefs on cultural good mother and cultural seniority concepts related to infant health, growth and development, and on local infant illnesses: etiology, diagnosis, curative and preventive practices. Conclusions: Cultural infant mixed feeding practices resulted from HIV positive mothers’ dissatisfied perceptions, disagreement and confusion, of modern medical HIV and infant feeding counseling messages. Those infant mixed feeding patterns were a result of cultural forces of ‘good motherhood’ and ‘cultural seniority’ through ‘lay referral’ practices.
